🔥Conformity: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test) - Làm bài online format computer-based, kèm giải thích từ vựng

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.

Conformity

A review of conformity and some of the studies that have been done

During your childhood, there will have been some kind of craze which affected all the people in your school. It may have been to do with a particular toy or possibly a must-have item of clothing. It may have been something as simple as a type of pen or as expensive as an electronic games console. Fashion designers, toy manufacturers, and anyone else involved in the retail trade love conformity. Set up a craze, especially in the young, and everyone will go for it. In fact, it's an ideal way to sell huge quantities of merchandise. The levels of conformity in consumerism are phenomenal. When you actually stand back and consider how easily we are persuaded that having certain items is the only way we can ensure peace of mind, you see what an important concept conformity is.

Conformity has been described as "yielding to group pressure" (Crutchfield, 1962). However, this implies that other people put pressure on us to make us conform, and this is not always the case. A better definition is given by Aronson (1976), who said it was a "change in a person's behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people." This would make more sense, as often the pressure we feel is imagined. The person or group he refers to would have to be important to us at the time, regardless of their status.

There has been considerable research on conformity. One of the first studies looked at the answers people gave when asked to estimate the number of beans in a bottle (Jennes, 1932). If you have ever entered a "guess the number" competition, you probably looked at the previous estimates made and based your judgment on what other people had guessed. This is more or less what happened in the Jennes study. First of all, he asked the respondents to give their own estimates, and then he asked them to decide on a group estimate. Finally, he asked them alone again and discovered that they had stayed with the group answer.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Probably the most famous study on conformity was undertaken by Asch (1951), when he created a situation where many of his subjects gave answers that were blatantly untrue rather than contradict the people they were with. He did this by getting his subject to sit around a table with six stooges (colleagues of the experimenter) so that the subject was second to last. He showed them all a large card that had three lines of different lengths drawn on it, labeled A, B, and C. He then gave them a card with a single line and asked them to match this in terms of length to one of the lines A, B, or C.

The stooges gave untrue responses in a number of the trials, and the subjects were left in the situation where they either reported what they saw with their own eyes or conformed to the norm of the group. When the results were assessed, Asch found that in one out of every three trials where the wrong answer was given, the subject gave the same wrong answer as the stooges. This led to an average level of conformity of 32 percent. Asch interviewed his subjects after the trials to try to find out why they conformed to an answer that was so obviously wrong. Most of them said that they did not want to cause problems within the group, although they also stated that when they did give wrong answers, it made them anxious. (Asch found that when there was just one other person present who did not go along with the majority, no matter how many others there were, it was sufficient to make the subject give the right answer.)

Kelman (1953) outlined three processes that can explain social conformity. The first is compliance, where subjects go along with the crowd to prevent any in-group hostility or bad feeling and to maintain group harmony. However, they do not change their own private belief. If we look back to the Asch study, we can see that the subjects were simply complying with the demands of the experimental situation but hadn't actually internalized the group's norms. They agreed in public but dissented in private.

In a process known as internalization, however, subjects do actually see the group's point of view and change their own ideas by convincing themselves that their eyesight is poor. Sometimes, however, subjects actually seem to change their beliefs because they want to become more like their heroes. If they really want to become part of an in-group, they will start to identify with that group and take on the group's values and beliefs, even if they are different from their own. Kelman calls this identification. It frequently happens with teenagers who want to become more like a peer group to be accepted and suddenly seem to go against all the values and beliefs of their parents.

So why is it that we have to conform? Some people feel confident most of the time, have high self-esteem, and do not have to go along with the majority. For most of us, though, how confident we feel varies from day to day, depending on the situation we are in, and this can influence behavior.

Questions 27-30

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1. Childhood crazes can center on items of any value.
2. Children are more vulnerable to crazes now than they used to be.
3. Consumers make too many quick decisions in shops.
4. Crutchfield's definition of conformity is the most reliable.

Questions 31-35

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.

Studies on conformity
In the Jennes study, people had to guess how many 31 _______ were in a container. Jennes found that, in most cases, people opted for an estimate given by a 32 _______.

Asch asked his subjects to 33 _______ line lengths. To test the extent to which people would conform, he placed his subjects with colleagues who gave 34 _______ responses. He found that his subjects agreed with his colleagues 32% of the time, although they admitted to feeling 35 _______ about giving their answer.

Questions 36-40

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

Kelman's processes of social conformity

1. Compliance

• Meaning: Sự tuân thủ, chấp nhận theo quy tắc hoặc ý kiến dù không đồng ý hoàn toàn.
• Vietnamese: Sự tuân thủ.
• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Compliance ensures that social harmony is preserved, even if individuals disagree privately.
• Example in Vietnamese: Sự tuân thủ giúp duy trì sự hòa hợp xã hội, ngay cả khi cá nhân không đồng ý.

2. Social harmony

• Meaning: Trạng thái hòa hợp trong xã hội, khi mọi người sống hòa thuận với nhau.
• Vietnamese: Sự hòa hợp xã hội.
• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Compliance often happens to keep social harmony intact.
• Example in Vietnamese: Việc tuân thủ thường xảy ra để giữ sự hòa hợp xã hội không bị phá vỡ.

3. Internalization

• Meaning: Sự nội tâm hóa, khi cá nhân chấp nhận một quan điểm hoặc niềm tin là đúng đắn từ bên trong.
• Vietnamese: Sự tiếp nhận ý kiến vào bên trong (thành niềm tin cá nhân).
• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Internalization occurs when people fully believe the majority view as their own.
• Example in Vietnamese: Sự nội tâm hóa xảy ra khi mọi người hoàn toàn tin tưởng quan điểm của số đông.

4. Majority view

• Meaning: Ý kiến của số đông, quan điểm được nhiều người đồng tình.
• Vietnamese: Quan điểm của số đông.
• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: When the majority view is seen as correct, people tend to internalize it.
• Example in Vietnamese: Khi quan điểm của số đông được coi là đúng, mọi người có xu hướng tiếp nhận nó.

5. Persuade

• Meaning: Thuyết phục ai đó tin vào điều gì hoặc làm điều gì.
• Vietnamese: Thuyết phục.
• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: In internalization, people persuade themselves to adopt the majority's belief.
• Example in Vietnamese: Trong sự nội tâm hóa, mọi người tự thuyết phục bản thân để chấp nhận niềm tin của số đông.

6. Identification

• Meaning: Sự đồng nhất, thay đổi quan điểm để giống với nhóm hoặc số đông.
• Vietnamese: Sự đồng nhất (thay đổi ý kiến để giống người khác).
• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Identification happens when people align their views with the majority group to feel a sense of belonging.
• Example in Vietnamese: Sự đồng nhất xảy ra khi mọi người thay đổi quan điểm để phù hợp với nhóm số đông.

7. Typical

• Meaning: Điển hình, mang tính đặc trưng của một nhóm hoặc tình huống.
• Vietnamese: Điển hình, đặc trưng.
• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: This behavior is typical of young individuals seeking approval.
• Example in Vietnamese: Hành vi này là điển hình của những người trẻ đang tìm kiếm sự chấp nhận.

• Yes
• Not given
• Not given
• No
• Beans
• Group
• Match
• Untrue
• Anxious
• Asch
• Internalisation
• Valid
• Identification
• Teenagers