Bên cạnh PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 2 (dạng advantages & disadvantages) Some students work while studying. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend and give your opinion?NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi), IELTS TUTOR cũng cung cấp 🔥Charles Darwin, the brilliant anthropologist and creator of the theory of evolution, is not normally associated with the modern business world.: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test) - Làm bài online format computer-based, kèm giải thích từ vựng
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III. Charles Darwin, the brilliant anthropologist and creator of the theory of evolution, is not normally associated with the modern business world: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test)
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.
Charles Darwin, the brilliant anthropologist and creator of the theory of evolution, is not normally associated with the modern business world. Nevertheless, Darwinian evolutionary theory is the foundation of a new wave of ideas about human behavior in general and particularly the way people behave in the workplace; these ideas have given the title of evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary psychology revolves around the notion that our brains, like our bodies, have an inherited evolutionary design that has scarcely changed for 10,000 years. As respected evolutionary psychology experts Leda Cosmides and John Tooby comment, "our modern skulls house a Stone Age mind." The US biologist Edward O. Wilson sees evolutionary psychology as being a discipline which is based on both socio-biology, which is the study of the biological basis of social behavior, and psychology, which is the systematic study of human behavior.
Nigel Nicholson, an organisational psychologist from the London Business School, is a strong supporter of evolutionary psychology and on this subject has published Managing the Human Animal. His book takes the reader on a journey from the Stone Age plains of the savannah to the modern office, and includes a discussion of Darwinism and behavioural psychology together with a dissection of dysfunctional organisational behavior. It is an effective approach explaining why people behave as they do, particularly at work. Evolutionary psychology is increasingly being cited in management circles, where managers are trying to understand puzzling aspects of human behaviour and by doing so improve the workplace. Nicholson believes that evolutionary psychology can help managers understand what goes wrong in organisational life and what they can do about it.
Nicholson maintains that evolutionary psychology dismisses the long-held assumption that our minds are like blank pages just waiting for culture and experience to write on them and shape our nature. He points out that sophisticated research shows the brain actually houses a store of knowledge when we are born, and now genetic research is establishing there are certain genes that account for abilities, tastes, and tendencies. The stored knowledge in the human brain has not changed much since the Stone Age. As Tooby and Cosmides stress, there have not been enough generations for a brain that is well adapted to our post-industrial life to evolve through natural selection.
The evolutionary psychology version of human nature revolves around some key elements which we have inherited from our hunter-gatherer minds. One key element is emotion. Emotion was originally essential to keep early man alive and safe from predators. Emotion was, and continues to be, our radar, guiding us throughout today's techno-defined business world. Despite this, the business world emphasises rational, not emotional, behaviour and does not admit the importance of emotion. We still use the emotional part of our minds to make sense of other people's behaviour and to create an impression, so we can often be taken in by appearances. This mental predisposition actually works best in small communities—the tribe—not in much larger environments filled with people we barely know, the modern workplace. Our minds naturally try to re-create our ancestral communities with networks of no more than 150 people, where there are clear hierarchies and leaders. As a consequence, it takes very little to trigger people's innate distrust of others because our safety in antiquity depended on supporting our near family and friends, whom we valued more than other people.
So, what advice does Nicholson have for the corporate world? He thinks that by knowing the reasons for people's behaviour, it is possible to mould corporate environments into places that have more chance of working efficiently and being pleasant places to work in. Nicholson admits that not everybody in the business world agrees with his belief in the effectiveness of evolutionary psychology in the workplace. One group that resists the theory of evolutionary psychology is young MBA graduates who are just beginning their careers and feel that evolutionary psychology will make their lives at work more difficult. Older and wiser executives point out that they still tend to cling to the idea of a magic formula to bring people into line with corporate strategy. But that is back-to-front thinking, according to Nicholson, who contends that we should be reinventing our business structures, not our fundamental human nature.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR
At the end of his book, Nicholson gives his forecast of what will and will not change in the business world. He believes that most people will still prefer more traditional forms of work and throughout their lives will continue to aim at lifelong status advancement. He also maintains that the line between work and home will be less defined, but that people will prefer traditional working patterns if working from home leaves them isolated from their work community. He doubts that the high-tech ideas of virtual companies will ever be very successful because people will still want to meet each other face to face. Nicholson describes his ideal organisation in the future: it would be decentralized, with small sub-units; the staff would be from diverse backgrounds and be allowed a high degree of self-determination. New endeavours and creativity would replace systems and rationality. Nicholson acknowledges that there is a long way to go in terms of the translation of his ideas of evolutionary psychology into practical propositions, but he is confident more and more people will come round to his way of thinking.
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27
The writer's purpose in the first paragraph is to
A) oppose the views of Charles Darwin
B) compare experts' opinions of Darwin's theory.
C) explain the theory of evolutionary psychology.
D) name experts in the field of evolutionary psychology.
28
In the third paragraph, which view about evolutionary psychology matches Nicholson's opinion?
A) Our characters determine our career choices.
B) We begin life without any preconceived notions.
C) Our interests and skills depend on our environment.
D) We inherit ideas and characteristics from our ancestors.
29
The writer discusses the key element of emotion in order to
A) criticise primitive survival strategies.
B) explain attitudes and actions at work.
C) demonstrate the slowness of evolution.
D) suggest companies today are poorly structured.
30
Which of the following does Nicholson predict will happen in the business world?
A) Companies will remain in city centres.
B) Promotion will no longer motivate people.
C) Employees will be less independent than now.
D) Social interaction will remain important to workers.
31
Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?
A) How successful companies manage change.
B) Understanding the origins of workplace behavior.
C) Darwin's theories rejected by modern management.
Questions 32-35
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer.
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
32 Nicholson makes a persuasive argument in his book.
33 Tooby and Cosmides believe natural selection through the generations has not occurred.
34 Our reliance on technology causes emotional problems in the workplace.
Questions 36-40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
Nicholson's advice to the corporate world
Nicholson believes that if we know why people act the way they do, we can 36 employees will work more efficiently. Nicholson 37 but some executives are more open to what evolutionary psychology says. However, these executives still believe that there is a 38 that will make employees act according to the company's practices. According to Nicholson, we should change our 39 business environments, not our fundamental 40.
IV. Giải thích từ vựng
.1. Anthropologist
- Meaning: Nhà nhân chủng học, người nghiên cứu về sự tiến hóa và hành vi của con người.
- Vietnamese: Nhà nhân chủng học.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Charles Darwin, the brilliant anthropologist and creator of the theory of evolution...
- Vietnamese Example: Charles Darwin, nhà nhân chủng học lỗi lạc và người sáng lập lý thuyết tiến hóa...
2.
Evolutionary psychology
- Meaning: Một nhánh tâm lý học nghiên cứu cách bộ não và hành vi của con người được định hình bởi quá trình tiến hóa.
- Vietnamese: Tâm lý học tiến hóa.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Evolutionary psychology revolves around the notion that our brains, like our bodies, have an inherited evolutionary design...
- Vietnamese Example: Tâm lý học tiến hóa xoay quanh khái niệm rằng bộ não của chúng ta, giống như cơ thể, được thiết kế bởi sự tiến hóa.
3.
Inherited
- Meaning: Được di truyền, nhận được từ thế hệ trước.
- Vietnamese: Di truyền.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Our brains, like our bodies, have an inherited evolutionary design that has scarcely changed for 10,000 years.
- Vietnamese Example: Bộ não của chúng ta, giống như cơ thể, có thiết kế di truyền từ sự tiến hóa và gần như không thay đổi trong 10.000 năm qua.
4.
Socio-biology
- Meaning: Khoa học nghiên cứu mối quan hệ giữa sinh học và hành vi xã hội.
- Vietnamese: Xã hội học sinh học.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Evolutionary psychology as being a discipline which is based on both socio-biology and psychology...
- Vietnamese Example: Tâm lý học tiến hóa là một ngành dựa trên cả xã hội học sinh học và tâm lý học.
5.
Dissection
- Meaning: Sự phân tích kỹ lưỡng hoặc mổ xẻ để tìm hiểu chi tiết.
- Vietnamese: Phân tích kỹ lưỡng.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: His book takes the reader on a journey... together with a dissection of dysfunctional organisational behavior.
- Vietnamese Example: Cuốn sách của ông dẫn dắt người đọc... cùng với sự phân tích hành vi tổ chức không hiệu quả.
6.
Dysfunctional
- Meaning: Hoạt động không hiệu quả hoặc có vấn đề.
- Vietnamese: Không hiệu quả.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Together with a dissection of dysfunctional organisational behavior.
- Vietnamese Example: Cùng với sự phân tích hành vi tổ chức không hiệu quả.
7.
Blank page
- Meaning: Một trang trống, thường dùng để nói về một trạng thái chưa bị ảnh hưởng bởi bên ngoài.
- Vietnamese: Trang trống.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Evolutionary psychology dismisses the long-held assumption that our minds are like blank pages...
- Vietnamese Example: Tâm lý học tiến hóa bác bỏ quan niệm lâu đời rằng tâm trí chúng ta giống như một trang giấy trống...
8.
Predisposition
- Meaning: Khuynh hướng hoặc xu hướng có sẵn từ trước.
- Vietnamese: Khuynh hướng.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: This mental predisposition actually works best in small communities...
- Vietnamese Example: Khuynh hướng tinh thần này hoạt động tốt nhất trong các cộng đồng nhỏ...
9.
Trigger
- Meaning: Gây ra hoặc kích hoạt điều gì đó xảy ra.
- Vietnamese: Kích hoạt.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: It takes very little to trigger people's innate distrust of others...
- Vietnamese Example: Rất ít điều có thể kích hoạt sự mất lòng tin bẩm sinh của con người đối với người khác...
10.
Innate
- Meaning: Có sẵn từ khi sinh ra, bẩm sinh.
- Vietnamese: Bẩm sinh.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: It takes very little to trigger people's innate distrust of others...
- Vietnamese Example: Rất ít điều có thể kích hoạt sự mất lòng tin bẩm sinh của con người đối với người khác.
11.
Mould
- Meaning: Tạo hình hoặc định hình thứ gì đó.
- Vietnamese: Định hình, tạo khuôn.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: It is possible to mould corporate environments into places that have more chance of working efficiently...
- Vietnamese Example: Có thể định hình môi trường doanh nghiệp thành nơi có cơ hội hoạt động hiệu quả hơn...
12.
Cling to
- Meaning: Bám víu hoặc giữ lấy điều gì đó.
- Vietnamese: Bám víu.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Older and wiser executives tend to cling to the idea of a magic formula...
- Vietnamese Example: Các giám đốc già dặn hơn thường bám víu vào ý tưởng về một công thức kỳ diệu...
13.
Decentralized
- Meaning: Phân quyền, không tập trung quyền lực.
- Vietnamese: Phân quyền.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Nicholson describes his ideal organisation in the future: it would be decentralized, with small sub-units.
- Vietnamese Example: Nicholson mô tả tổ chức lý tưởng của ông trong tương lai: đó sẽ là một tổ chức phân quyền với các đơn vị nhỏ...
14.
Self-determination
- Meaning: Sự tự quyết định hoặc độc lập đưa ra lựa chọn.
- Vietnamese: Sự tự quyết định.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: The staff would be from diverse backgrounds and be allowed a high degree of self-determination.
- Vietnamese Example: Nhân viên sẽ đến từ nhiều nền tảng khác nhau và được phép có mức độ tự quyết định cao...
15.
Reinvention
- Meaning: Sự đổi mới hoặc tái tạo.
- Vietnamese: Sự đổi mới.
- IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Nicholson contends that we should be reinventing our business structures, not our fundamental human nature.
- Vietnamese Example: Nicholson cho rằng chúng ta nên đổi mới cấu trúc doanh nghiệp, chứ không phải bản chất con người cơ bản.
V. Đáp án
27. C
28. D
29. B
30. D
31. B
32. YES
33. No
34. Not given
35. No
36. H
37. B
38. E
39. G
40. I
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