How do we find our way?: Đề thi thật 5/12/2024 (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test) - Kèm đáp án + Giải thích từ vựng & cấu trúc khó

How do we find our way?

A. Most modern navigation, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), relies primarily on positions determined electronically by receivers collecting information from satellites. Yet if the satellite service’s digital maps become even slightly outdated, we can become lost. Then we have to rely on the ancient human skill of navigating in three dimensional space. Luckily, our biological finder has an important advantage over GPS: we can ask questions of people on the sidewalk, or follow a street that looks familiar, or rely on a navigational rubric. The human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning. Anyone who knows the way from point A to point B-and from A to C-can probably figure out how to get from B to C, too.

B. But how does this complex cognitive system really work? Researchers are looking at several strategies people use to orient themselves in space: guidance, path integration and route following. We may use all three or combinations thereof, and as experts learn more about these navigational skills, they are making the case that our abilities may underlie our powers of memory and logical thinking. For example, you come to New York City for the first time and you get off the train at Grand Central Terminal in midtown Manhattan. You have a few hours to see popular spots you have been told about: Rockefeller Center, Central Park, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. You meander in and out of shops along the way. Suddenly, it is time to get back to the station. But how?

C. If you ask passersby for help, most likely you will receive information in many different forms. A person who orients herself by a prominent landmark would gesture southward: “Look down there. See the tall, broad MetLife Building? Head for that- the station is right below it.” Neurologists call this navigational approach “guidance”, meaning that a landmark visible from a distance serves as the marker for one’s destination.

D. Another city dweller might say: “What places do you remember passing? … Okay. Go toward the end of Central Park, then walk down to St. Patrick’s Cathedral. A few more blocks, and Grand Central will be off to your left.” In this case, you are pointed toward the most recent place you recall, and you aim for it. Once there you head for the next notable place and so on, retracing your path. Your brain is adding together the individual legs of your trek into a cumulative progress report. Researchers call this strategy “path integration.” Many animals rely primarily on path integration to get around, including insects, spiders, crabs and rodents. The desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis employ this method to return from foraging as far as 100 yards away. They note the general direction they came from and retrace their steps, using the polarization of sunlight to orient themselves even under overcast skies. On their way back they are faithful to this inner homing vector. Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it in a totally different spot, the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined direction until it has gone “back” all of the distance it wandered from its nest. Only then does the ant realize it has not succeeded, and it begins to walk in successively larger loops to find its way home.

F. In addition to guidance and path integration, we use a third method for finding our way. An office worker you approach for help on a Manhattan street comer might say: “Walk straight down Fifth, turn left on 47th, turn right on Park, go through the walkway under the Helmsley Building, then cross the street to the MetLife Building into Grand Central.” This strategy, called route following, uses landmarks such as buildings and street names, plus directions straight, turn, go through—for reaching intermediate points. Route following is more precise than guidance or path integration, but if you forget the details and take a wrong turn, the only way to recover is to backtrack until you reach a familiar spot, because you do not know the general direction or have a reference landmark for your goal. The route following navigation strategy truly challenges the brain. We have to keep all the landmarks and intermediate directions in our head. It is the most detailed and therefore most reliable method, but it can be undone by routine memory lapses. With path integration, our cognitive memory is less burdened; it has to deal with only a few general instructions and the homing vector. Path integration works because it relies most fundamentally on our knowledge of our body’s general direction of movement, and we always have access to these inputs. Nevertheless, people often choose to give route-following directions, in part because saying “Go straight that way!” just does not work in our complex, man made surroundings.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

G. Road Map or Metaphor? On your next visit to Manhattan you will rely on your memory to get present geographic information for convenient visual obviously seductive: maps around. Most likely you will use guidance, path integration and route following in various combinations. But how exactly do these constructs deliver concrete directions? Do we humans have, as an image of the real world, a kind of road map in our heads? Neurobiologists and cognitive psychologists do call the portion of our memory that controls navigation a “cognitive map”. The map metaphor is are the easiest way to inspection. Yet the notion of a literal map in our heads may be misleading; a growing body of research implies that the cognitive map is mostly a metaphor. It may be more like a hierarchical structure of relationships.

Questions 1-5

Use the information in the passage to match the category of each navigation method (listed A-C) with the correct statement.
Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

1. Split the route up into several smaller parts.
2. When mistakes are made, a person needs to go back.
3. Find a building that can be seen from far away.
4. Recall all the details along the way.
5. Memorize the buildings that you have passed by.

Questions 6-8

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

1. According to the passage, how does the Cataglyphis ant respond if it is taken to a different location?
   A. Changes its orientation sensors to adapt
   B. Releases biological scent for help from others
   C. Continues to move according to the original orientation
   D. Gets completely lost once disturbed

2. What did the author say about the route following method?
   A. Dependent on directions to move on
   B. Dependent on memory and reasoning
   C. Dependent on man-made settings
   D. Dependent on the homing vector

3. Which of the following is true about the “cognitive map” in this passage?
   A. There is no obvious difference between it and a real map.
   B. It exists in our heads and is always correct.>> IELTS TUTOR có hướng dẫn kĩ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 2 (dạng advantages & disadvantages) NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi)
   C. It only exists in some cultures.
   D. It is managed by a portion of our memory.

Questions 9-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Biological navigation is flexible.
2. Insects have many ways to navigate that are in common with many other animals.
3. When someone follows a route, he or she collects comprehensive perceptual information in the mind along the way.
4. The path integration method has a higher requirement of memory compared with the route following method.
5. When people find their way, they have an exact map in their mind.

1. Navigation (n): sự định hướng, sự điều hướng

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Most modern navigation relies on GPS.
(Hầu hết việc định hướng hiện đại dựa vào GPS.)

2. Global Positioning System (GPS): Hệ thống định vị toàn cầu

Đây là một hệ thống sử dụng các vệ tinh để xác định vị trí chính xác trên Trái Đất.

3. Outdated (adj): lỗi thời, không còn phù hợp

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Digital maps can become outdated.
(Các bản đồ kỹ thuật số có thể trở nên lỗi thời.)

4. Three-dimensional space (n): không gian ba chiều

Không gian có ba chiều: chiều dài, chiều rộng, và chiều cao.

5. Biological finder (n): khả năng định vị sinh học

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The human biological finder is flexible.
(Khả năng định vị sinh học của con người rất linh hoạt.)

6. Rubric (n): nguyên tắc hoặc phương pháp chỉ dẫn

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: We rely on a navigational rubric.>> IELTS TUTOR có hướng dẫn kĩ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 1 (Complaint letter) NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi)
(Chúng ta dựa vào một phương pháp điều hướng.)

7. Cognitive system (n): hệ thống nhận thức

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Researchers study the cognitive system of humans.
(Các nhà nghiên cứu nghiên cứu hệ thống nhận thức của con người.)

8. Orient oneself (v): tự định hướng, xác định phương hướng

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: People use landmarks to orient themselves.
(Mọi người sử dụng các điểm mốc để tự định hướng.)

9. Path integration (n): sự tổng hợp tuyến đường

Đây là cách kết hợp các điểm riêng lẻ thành một lộ trình tổng quát.

10. Route following (n): việc đi theo lộ trình

Đây là phương pháp sử dụng các chỉ dẫn cụ thể để đi từ điểm này đến điểm khác.

11. Landmarks (n): các điểm mốc

Các đặc điểm nổi bật trong khu vực được sử dụng để định hướng, như tòa nhà, công viên, v.v.

12. Cumulative progress report (n): báo cáo tiến độ tích lũy

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Your brain creates a cumulative progress report during navigation.
(Não bộ của bạn tạo ra báo cáo tiến độ tích lũy trong quá trình định hướng.)

13. Polarization of sunlight (n): sự phân cực ánh sáng mặt trời

Đây là cách ánh sáng bị phân cực tự nhiên, được một số loài động vật sử dụng để định hướng.

14. Homing vector (n): hướng trở về tổ hoặc nơi xuất phát

Là hướng mà động vật hoặc con người dựa vào để trở về điểm ban đầu.

15. Hierarchical structure (n): cấu trúc phân cấp

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The cognitive map may resemble a hierarchical structure.
(Bản đồ nhận thức có thể giống như một cấu trúc phân cấp.)

16. Cognitive map (n): bản đồ nhận thức

Đây là khái niệm chỉ phần trong não bộ giúp con người định hướng và nhớ lại các mối quan hệ không gian.

17. Reliable (adj): đáng tin cậy

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: Route following is the most reliable method.
(Đi theo lộ trình là phương pháp đáng tin cậy nhất.)

Questions 1-5

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B

Questions 6-8

1. C>> IELTS TUTOR có hướng dẫn kĩ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 1 (Complaint letter) NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi)
2. B
3. D

Questions 9-13

1. TRUE
2. NOT GIVEN
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. FALSE