🔥Images and Places (Đề thi IELTS READING) - Kèm giải thích từ vựng

Reading Passage 3

Images and Places

A new research method uses photography to try to explain why people form an attachment to certain places

A Human beings naturally become attached to places they visit or inhabit and these emotional attachments have become increasingly important in research on recreation sites and activities. Research into this phenomenon is called 'sense-of-place research'. This research has employed a variety of approaches to gauge people's feelings toward a place, including surveys and personal interviews, but so far has not used photo-based methods. However, Visitor Employed Photography (VEP), used to capture visitor perceptions of landscape and recreational quality, represents a potential innovation in sense-of-place research.

B A 'place' is a setting that we give meaning to based on our personal experiences, relationships and feelings we associate with it. It is a symbolic meaning that needs to be given to describe the type of place we are concerned with. For instance, a multiple-use forest area is a wilderness to the playground? A 'place' we attach meaning to are settings, and in turn become attached to meanings given to a place.

C Clearly, place attachment is built through familiarity with a place over a period of months or even years. Relph (1976) describes sense-of-place as the steady accumulation of events in a setting within a setting, that creates home places.

D Clearly we are dealing with a complex phenomenon and photo-based research methods may help us to understand it better. In VEP, tourists are asked to take photographs. This technique has primarily been used to assess the perceptions of visitors to parks and recreation places. Haywood (1990) describes several benefits of VEP. Photography is an enjoyable, familiar activity to tourists which helps to sharpen observation and identify specific locations that are important. It can give clearer>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

E However, several methodological issues need to be taken into account. First, who should take the photographs? VEP research typically involves visitors or tourists but, when applied to questions of attachment to a community, this approach has potential pitfalls. Chenoweth (1984) notes that research subjects may take photos that represent only a part of their entire recreational experience. This tendency probably relates to unfamiliarity with the setting. For example, when researchers assign the task of photographing a travel route with which respondents are not familiar, participants may save too many pictures and then use them all up at the end of their visit, even if there is no suitable material.

Markwell (1997) noted an opposite tendency in the study of pictures taken on a nature tour: beginnings of excursions were over-represented and perhaps the initial novelty of the trip. Furthermore, Haywood (1990) suggests that representativeness of pictures taken into primary places as he did in his work) may result in an over-representation of tourist icons rather than ordinary places.

In contrast, Yamashita (2012), when focusing on local residents' perceptions of the qualities of the water around them, noted that residents may have more difficulty expressing visual appeal than visitors, precisely because they are insiders and less conscious of aesthetic qualities. When addressing complex attachment to landscape, we would expect, however, that familiarity ought to increase the validity of the items selected to represent sources of attachment.

We also expect that photographs taken by local residents will represent a wider range of phenomena than pictures taken by v.a.n.s. or v.s.t.o.'s.

F But how should the photographs be interpreted? Barthes (1981) states that with every photo taken 'a fiction is created... but presents to the mind what one believes with conviction of fact' (p. 363). By implication, what photos appear to be about and what they really represent may be very different things, and some follow-up is helpful to uncover these intended meanings of each photo. Yamashita (2002) notes the utility of asking respondents to record elaborations of the participant in a notebook or diary. These elaborations are helpful, but in cases of complex phenomena, an interview may help participants clarify their intentions (Markwell, 1997).

Questions 33 - 38

Look at the following observations (Questions 33-38) and list of people below. Match each observation with the correct person, A-G.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 33-38 on your answer sheet.

33 Our attachment to a place can have the same impact on us as people do.

34 Limiting the amount of time for taking photographs may produce a narrow range of images.

35 Members of a group will hold a similar view about a place.

36 Given time, a place can have the same impact on us as people do.

37 Tourists should keep a written account of their photographs.

38 Each place means something different to each visitor.

List of People

• Meinig
• Griffen and Garkovich
• Relph
• Ryden
• Tuan
• Haywood
• Markwell
• Yamashita

Questions 39 and 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.

39 The 2002 study by Yamashita showed that local residents...

40 In the final paragraph, the writer states that photographs present...

Images and Places

A Human beings naturally become attached (gắn bó) to places they visit or inhabit, and these emotional attachments have become increasingly important in research on recreation sites and activities. Research into this phenomenon is called 'sense-of-place research' (nghiên cứu về cảm giác về địa điểm). This research has employed a variety of approaches to gauge (đánh giá) people's feelings toward a place, including surveys and personal interviews, but so far has not used photo-based methods. However, Visitor Employed Photography (VEP) (phương pháp nhiếp ảnh do du khách thực hiện) used to capture visitor perceptions of landscape and recreational quality, represents a potential innovation (sự đổi mới) in sense-of-place research.

B A 'place' is a setting (bối cảnh) that we give meaning to based on our personal experiences, relationships, and feelings we associate with it. It is a symbolic (mang tính biểu tượng) meaning that needs to be given to describe the type of place we are concerned with. For instance, is a multiple-use forest area a wilderness (vùng hoang dã) or a playground? A 'place' we attach meaning to involves settings, which in turn become attached to meanings given to a place.

C Clearly, place attachment is built through familiarity (sự quen thuộc) with a place over a period of months or even years. Relph (1976) describes sense-of-place as the steady accumulation (sự tích lũy) of events in a setting, creating home places (nơi chôn rau cắt rốn).

D Clearly, we are dealing with a complex (phức tạp) phenomenon, and photo-based research methods may help us to understand it better. In VEP, tourists are asked to take photographs. This technique has primarily been used to assess the perceptions (nhận thức) of visitors to parks and recreation places. Haywood (1990) describes several benefits of VEP. Photography is an enjoyable (thú vị) and familiar activity to tourists, which helps to sharpen observation (kỹ năng quan sát) and identify specific locations that are important. It can give clearer results.

E However, several methodological (thuộc phương pháp) issues need to be taken into account. First, who should take the photographs? VEP research typically involves visitors or tourists, but when applied to questions of attachment to a community, this approach has potential pitfalls (nhược điểm). Chenoweth (1984) notes that research subjects may take photos that represent only a part of their entire recreational experience. This tendency probably relates to unfamiliarity (sự không quen thuộc) with the setting. For example, when researchers assign the task of photographing a travel route with which respondents are not familiar, participants may save too many pictures and then use them all up at the end of their visit, even if there is no suitable (phù hợp) material.

Markwell (1997) noted an opposite tendency in the study of pictures taken on a nature tour: the beginnings (phần đầu) of excursions were over-represented (được đề cao quá mức) due to the initial novelty (sự mới lạ) of the trip. Furthermore, Haywood (1990) suggests that the representativeness of pictures taken in primary (chính yếu) places (as he did in his work) may result in an over-representation of tourist icons (biểu tượng du lịch) rather than ordinary places.

In contrast, Yamashita (2012), when focusing on local residents' perceptions of the qualities of the water around them, noted that residents may have more difficulty expressing visual appeal (sự thu hút thị giác) than visitors, precisely because they are insiders and less conscious (nhận thức) of aesthetic qualities. When addressing complex attachment to landscape, we would expect, however, that familiarity ought to increase the validity (tính hợp lý) of the items selected to represent sources of attachment.>> IELTS TUTOR có hướng dẫn kĩ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 2 (dạng advantages & disadvantages) NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi)

We also expect that photographs taken by local residents will represent a wider range of phenomena (hiện tượng) than pictures taken by visitors (khách thăm quan) or tourists.

F But how should the photographs be interpreted (giải thích)? Barthes (1981) states that with every photo taken, "a fiction (truyện hư cấu) is created... but presents to the mind what one believes with conviction (niềm tin chắc chắn) of fact" (p. 363). By implication, what photos appear to be about and what they really represent may be very different things, and some follow-up (bổ sung) is helpful to uncover these intended meanings of each photo. Yamashita (2002) notes the utility (sự hữu ích) of asking respondents to record elaborations (sự mô tả chi tiết) of the participant in a notebook or diary. These elaborations are helpful, but in cases of complex phenomena, an interview may help participants clarify their intentions (Markwell, 1997).

1. v
2. ii
3. iii
4. viii
5. vii
6. vi
7. E
8. B
9. D>> IELTS TUTOR có hướng dẫn kĩ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 1 (Complaint letter) NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi)
10. C
11. G
12. A
13. B
14. D