🔥Mind Music READING ANSWERS WITH LOCATION - Đề thi thật IELTS Reading (Recent Actual Test) - Làm bài online format computer-based, kèm giải thích đáp án, dịch & giải thích từ vựng (bao gồm synonyms - antonyms - collocation - word form) - cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó (Ngày thi 20/7/2024)

Scientists investigate 'earworms', the music we can't get out of our head

A Ever had a song stuck in your head, playing on an endless loop? Scientists call them

'involuntary musical images', or 'earworms, and a wave of new research is shining light on why they occur and what can be learned from them. Some neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists are studying earworms to explore the mysteries of memory and the part of the brain that is beyond our conscious control. The idea that we have full control over our thought processes is an illusion,' says psychologist Lauren Stewart, who founded the master's program in music, mind and brain at Goldsmiths, University of London, UK, where recent research has taken place. Researchers haven't been able to watch what happens in the brain when earworms occur, because they happen unpredictably. Much of what is known about them comes from surveys, questionnaires, diaries and lab experiments.

B A Goldsmiths study published in the journal Memory and Cognition this year showed that the singing we hear in our heads tends to be true to actual recordings. Researchers had 17 volunteers tap to the beat of any earworm they heard during a four-day period while a device attached to their wrist recorded their movements. The tapping tempos were within 10% of the tempos of the original recordings. Another Goldsmiths study, published this year in Consciousness and Cognition, found that people who report hearing earworms often, and find them most intrusive, have slightly different brain structures, with more gray matter in areas associated with processing emotions.>> IELTS TUTOR hướng dẫn PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI 30/5/2020 IELTS WRITING TASK 2 (kèm bài sửa HS đạt 6.5)

C Studies also show that the music in our heads often starts playing during times of 'low cognitive load', such as while showering, getting dressed, walking, or doing chores. Dr Stewart likens earworms to 'sonic screen savers' that keep the mind entertained while it is otherwise unoccupied. She and her colleagues tested that theory by having volunteers listen to songs and giving them various tasks afterwards. The volunteers who sat idly for the next five minutes were the most likely to report hearing the music m their heads. Dr Stewart observed that the more challenging the activity, the less likely the volunteers were to hear the music. Diary studies also show songs tend to match people's moods and therefore they are not random. If you are energized and upbeat, an earworm that occurs is likely to be uptempo too.

D Songs the brain fixates on are usually those it has been exposed to recently, surveys show, which is why tunes getting heavy radio play frequently top the earworm charts. Even tunes you may have heard but didn't pay attention to can worm their way into your subconscious, says Ira Hyman, a psychologist at Western Washington University in Bellingham, USA. In an unpublished study there, participants who listened to music while doing other tasks were more likely to report that the songs returned as earworms later on, compared with participants who simply listened.

E Some earworms are just fragments of a song that repeat like a broken record. So, when the mind hits a part of a song it can't remember, it loops back rather than moving on. That could make an earworm even more entrenched, Dr Hyman says. According to a theory known as the Zeigarik effect, named for a Soviet psychologist, Bluma Zeigarnik, unfinished thoughts and activities weigh on the mind more heavily than those that are completed, although experiments exposing students to interrupted songs have yielded mixed results.

F Researchers say they can't pinpoint a spot in the brain where earworms live. Imaging studies by Andrea Halpern at Bucknell University, in Lewisburg, USA, have shown that deliberately imagining music and actually listening to music activate many of the same neurological networks. Dr Halpern's earlier studies showed that when subjects listened to the first few notes of familiar music, areas in the right frontal and superior temporal portions of the brain became activated, along with the supplementary motor area at the top, which is typically involved in remembering sequences. When the same subjects listened to unfamiliar music and were asked to recall it, there was activity in the left frontal portions of the brain instead.

G One factor that makes some songs stick might be repetition. 'Repetition leads to familiarity which leads to anticipation, which is satisfied by hearing the song,' says John Seabrook, author of The Song Machine: Inside the Hit Factory, about how producers pump pop songs full of aural "hooks', the punchy melodic phrases designed to target the brain and leave it wanting more. The researchers are comparing the melodic structure of 100 often-mentioned songs with 100 similarly popular songs that weren't cited as earworms, to assess the difference. Songs with earworm potential appear to share certain features: a repeating pattern of ups and downs in pitch, and an irregular musical interval.

H The researchers plan next to test their results in reverse, and play ringtones from songs of both the earworm and non earworm variety for volunteers several times a day to see which ones get stuck. Drs Stewart and Halper are now working together to recruit survey participants for a study looking at whether people at different stages of life experience earworms differently. 'You can argue that older people might get them more often because they know more songs,' Dr Halpern says. 'But the few responses we have so far indicate that they have earworms less often. It could be that they don't play music as often as younger people do.

Questions 1-4

The reading Passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

1 a description of the characteristics common to songs with earworms

2 a justitication for research into earworms

3 a description of the brain's reaction to known and unknown songs

4 details of proposed research into the frequency with which earworms occur indifferent age groups

Questions 5-8

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

Researchers from Goldsmiths concluded that the music we imagine in our minds is quite similar to recordings. They proved this by asking volunteers to record the rhythm of music using a monitor on their 5__________
Further research has demonstrated that those who hear earworms more frequently have brains that may deal with 6_________ differently from other people, Dr Stewart also believes that the brain is 7 _________ by earworms when it is not focused on a task. In fact, a reduction in the occurrence of earworms was found to be directly related to how 8 _________ the task was Interestingly, volunteers' diaries revealed that the songs they heard inside their head reflected their moods, so the choice of music is not accidental.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Questions 9-13

Look at the following statements and the list of researcher below.

Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter. A, B, C or D, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

9 Some musicians create music that is intentionally memorable.

10 People are unable to completely regulate how they think.

11 We can remember songs without knowing that we have heard them.

12 Thinking about music has a similar effect on the brain to hearing music.

13 Earworms are more persistent when only a short section of the song is constantly replayed.

List of Researchers

A Lauren Stewart

B Ira Hyman

C Andrea Haiper

D John Seabrook

A Bạn đã bao giờ bị ám ảnh earworms (những giai điệu ám ảnh, bài hát lặp lại, âm nhạc không thể quên) bởi một bài hát cứ lặp đi lặp lại trong đầu? Các nhà khoa học gọi hiện tượng này là "hình ảnh âm nhạc không tự chủ" (involuntary musical images: uncontrollable melodies, spontaneous tunes, automatic music). Những nghiên cứu mới đang làm sáng tỏ nguyên nhân và bài học từ chúng. Một số nhà thần kinh học (neuroscientists: brain researchers, cognitive scientists, neurobiologists) và tâm lý học nhận thức (cognitive psychologists: mental process experts, behavioral analysts, mind scientists) nghiên cứu earworms để khám phá bí ẩn của trí nhớ và vùng não nằm ngoài kiểm soát ý thức (conscious control: voluntary regulation, intentional command, deliberate management). "Ý nghĩ rằng chúng ta hoàn toàn kiểm soát được suy nghĩ là ảo tưởng," chia sẻ tiến sĩ Lauren Stewart, người sáng lập chương trình Thạc sĩ về Âm nhạc, Trí não tại Goldsmiths, Anh. Do earworms xuất hiện bất ngờ, các nhà nghiên cứu chưa thể quan sát não bộ khi chúng xảy ra. Phần lớn thông tin đến từ khảo sát (surveys: questionnaires, polls, studies), nhật ký và thí nghiệm.

B Nghiên cứu từ Goldsmiths đăng trên tạp chí Memory and Cognition năm nay cho thấy giai điệu trong đầu thường giống bản gốc. 17 tình nguyện viên gõ nhịp theo earworm trong 4 ngày, với thiết bị đeo cổ tay (wrist: arm joint, forearm base, hand connection) ghi lại chuyển động. Nhịp gõ chênh lệch dưới 10% so với bản gốc. Một nghiên cứu khác phát hiện người thường xuyên nghe earworms có cấu trúc não khác biệt, với nhiều chất xám (gray matter: neural tissue, brain cells, cerebral cortex) hơn ở vùng xử lý cảm xúc (emotions: feelings, sentiments, moods).

C Earworms thường xuất hiện khi tải nhận thức thấp (low cognitive load: mental downtime, idle thinking, relaxed focus) như tắm, đi bộ hoặc làm việc nhà. Tiến sĩ Stewart ví chúng như "hình nền âm thanh" giữ cho não bộ bận rộn (entertained: occupied, engaged, distracted) khi không tập trung. Thí nghiệm cho thấy tình nguyện viên ngồi không sau khi nghe nhạc dễ bị earworms nhất. Hoạt động càng thử thách (challenging: demanding, difficult, strenuous), khả năng nghe earworms càng giảm. Nhật ký cho thấy earworms phản ánh tâm trạng (moods: emotional states, dispositions, frames of mind), không ngẫu nhiên.

D Bài hát được nghe gần đây dễ trở thành earworms. Ira Hyman (Mỹ) cho biết ngay cả bài hát bạn nghe lướt qua cũng có thể len lỏi (worm their way: infiltrate, seep, penetrate) vào tiềm thức. Thí nghiệm chưa công bố cho thấy người vừ nghe nhạc vừ làm việc dễ bị earworms hơn.

E Một số earworms chỉ lặp lại đoạn ngắn như bản ghi bị hỏng (broken record: skipping track, repetitive fragment, stuck melody). Khi não không nhớ hết bài, nó lặp lại đoạn đó, khiến earworms cứng đầu (entrenched: persistent, stubborn, ingrained) hơn. Hiệu ứng Zeigarnik (Liên Xô) cho rằng suy nghĩ dở dang ám ảnh hơn, nhưng thí nghiệm với bài hát gián đoạn cho kết quả không rõ ràng.

F Chưa xác định được vị trí (spot: location, area, region) cụ thể của earworms trong não. Nghiên cứu hình ảnh của Andrea Halpern (Mỹ) cho thấy tưởng tượng và nghe nhạc kích hoạt mạng lưới thần kinh (neurological networks: brain circuits, neural pathways, cerebral connections) giống nhau. Nghe nhạc quen thuộc kích hoạt vùng trán phải (right frontal: front-right brain, prefrontal cortex) và thái dương trên (superior temporal: upper temporal lobe, auditory cortex), trong khi nhạc lạ kích hoạt trán trái (left frontal: front-left brain, left prefrontal).

G Lặp lại (repetition: recurrence, reiteration, duplication) là yếu tố tạo earworms. John Seabrook (tác giả The Song Machine) giải thích: "Lặp lại tạo sự quen thuộc (familiarity: recognition, acquaintance, awareness) và kỳ vọng (anticipation: expectation, eagerness, suspense), thỏa mãn khi nghe lại bài hát." Các bài hát dễ thành earworms thường có quãng nhạc bất thường (irregular musical interval: atypical pitch gaps, unusual melodic jumps, unpredictable tones).

H Các nhà nghiên cứu dự định phát nhạc chuông (ringtones: call tones, alert sounds, mobile melodies) từ earworms và không phải earworms để xem loại nào "bám" hơn. Stewart và Halpern đang nghiên cứu xem độ tuổi (age groups: generational cohorts, life stages, demographic brackets) ảnh hưởng thế nào đến earworms. Halpern cho rằng người lớn tuổi biết nhiều bài hơn nhưng ít bị earworms hơn do ít nghe nhạc.

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý:

• A
• E
• D
• H
• wrist
• emotions
• unoccupied
• challenging
• C
• A
• B
• C
• B