🔥Plastic Surgery: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test) - Kèm đáp án + Giải thích từ vựng

Plastic Surgery
Plastic surgery is the process of reconstructing or repairing parts of the body by the transfer of tissue, either in the treatment of injury or for cosmetic reasons. It can involve a number of different techniques to move and manipulate body tissue.

In the independent healthcare sector, aesthetic surgery has increased in popularity, showing the increased consumer desire for it. Many people regard aesthetic surgery as a panacea for their personal and relationship difficulties. Active and aggressive media, which were almost absent fifty years ago, have made our society ambitious, and the media have globalised the perception of what is attractive, desirable, and sexy. Society’s current obsession with looks may reflect the modern image-obsessed culture, but it can also be due to entrenched insecurities in people’s psychological make-up.

In the past few years, a lack of respect for ethical principles in plastic surgery has become increasingly noticeable. As the concepts of beauty undergo change, wrinkles, fat deposits and sun-damaged skin no longer fit into our concept of a neat society. Now that these real or perceived ageing problems receive greater attention from patients and doctors, the ethical considerations also need to be focused upon. Enhancement versus therapy, risks, patient autonomy, beneficence and informed consent are issues that need to be reconsidered and emphasised when considering aesthetic surgery. Principles that could help guide health care professionals include a respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice.

In general, competent adults have the right to decide whether they wish to undergo a surgical procedure or not. The patients’ wishes and thereby their right to an informed decision have to be taken into account, provided they have been given sufficient information, which must include the risks together with alternative options. These principles apply even more to aesthetic operations, where patients are not suffering from any ‘illness’. These treatments, which may lead to long-term adverse effects on body function and health, involve serious ethical concerns. In such situations, the patient’s right for autonomy may contradict the physician’s principle of non-maleficence, and therefore, proper consideration is needed before deciding on such treatments. Surgeons must therefore ensure that the patients’ expectations are reasonable.

The beneficence principle requires that medical practitioners act in the best interests of patients. Undertaking surgery to improve a patient’s self-image and esteem is acceptable. However, defining the patient’s best interests can be very difficult. Many people are extremely self-conscious about their appearance and these groups may benefit from aesthetic surgery. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric syndrome, characterised by a preoccupation with a non-existent or minimal cosmetic ‘defect’ associated with persistent attempts to have the defect surgically corrected. BDD is increasingly recognised, and may be becoming more prevalent.

The principle of non-maleficence ensures that an aesthetic surgeon never acts against a patient’s welfare or in a way that may harm a patient. Consultant aesthetic surgeons may decline to operate on patients if they do not believe that the surgery is to the patients’ benefit. Aesthetic surgeons should be reluctant to operate on those with unrealistic expectations, as the risks of surgery may outweigh any benefits. Patients with serious health problems are also at increased risk of complications under general anaesthesia, and again the risks may outweigh the benefits. All such assessments need to be made on an individual basis. In the past, there has been a perception that surgeons have a potential conflict of interest in the independent sector. No surgeon should ever proceed with an operation merely for personal pecuniary gain. All aesthetic surgeons need to take their duty of care to their patients very seriously.

The justice principle requires doctors to ensure that medical care is available to all. Equitable access to healthcare is regarded by many as a basic entitlement. However, resources are limited and it is not possible for any health service to provide aesthetic surgery for all those who would like it. Rationing takes place on the basis of clinical necessity. Inevitably, this introduces subjective judgement about whose need is greater. In the private sector, those who can afford to pay undergo surgery. Requests for aesthetic surgery occur in all social classes. However, as stated earlier, because of economic considerations, there are no social systems in the world that covers aesthetic surgery, except for some particular interventions. The case of adolescents is especially problematic. The deformity, physical and emotional maturity and the desired outcome for each adolescent patient must be carefully evaluated before any decisions are made. Additional consultations and long discussions before aesthetic surgery are always necessary and this may require expert psychological assessment.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

At present, aesthetic surgery is passing through an identity crisis as well as posing an acute ethical dilemma. A closer look from an ethical viewpoint makes it evident that the doctor who offers aesthetic interventions faces many serious ethical problems to do with the identity of the surgeon as a healer. Aesthetic surgery makes profit from the ideology of a society that serves only vanity, youthfulness and personal success, and one which is losing sight of the real values. The real value of a person cannot be reduced to his/her appearance, and medicine as an art should feel the obligation to resist these modern ideologies and should attempt to help people get a more realistic attitude about themselves. Plastic surgeons must resist aesthetic measures in children and adolescents, particularly operations which are totally cosmetic. Nevertheless, exceptions do exist and convincing arguments may support aesthetic measures with children and adolescents to prevent stigmatisation in selected cases.

Glossary

• Panacea - a cure for everything
• Non-maleficence - non-harming or inflicting the least harm possible to reach a beneficial outcome

Questions 27 – 29
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27 - 29 on your answer sheet.

27 The rise in plastic surgery procedure numbers
A reflects the number of surgeons now available.
B reflects the growth in demand.
C reflects the lower fees now charged.
D reflects how media companies have acquired a financial interest in the processes.

28 People’s obsession with appearance could stem from exposure to modern culture or
A the ubiquity of celebrities in the media.
B the desire to fit in with everyone else.
C predictable evolutionary development.
D people’s deep-rooted anxieties.

29 Plastic surgery ethics have recently
A been discussed more in the media.
B been made official for professionals in the industry.
C been abused by those involved in the industry.
D been discussed by politicians.

Questions 30 – 39
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 30 - 39 on your answer sheet.

Suggested Principles for the Plastic Surgery Industry

Aesthetic Surgery

• The needs for cosmetic surgery span social classes, but (37) __________ do not usually pay the costs.
• In particular, a variety of factors must be considered when deciding on cosmetic surgery for adolescents.
• Ethical considerations also cause dilemmas for doctors due to issues from deriving (38) __________ from possibly ill-conceived societal ideologies.
• Purely aesthetic factors should maybe be considered to avoid (39) __________ in young people.

Question 40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.

40 What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 3?
A To provide an overview of the ethics relating to plastic surgery.
B To show the reasons why plastic surgery can be beneficial.
C To highlight the dangers of plastic surgeons who prioritise their own earnings.
D To describe the risks inherent in plastic surgery procedures.

1. Reflect

Meaning: Phản ánh
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "The rise in plastic surgery procedure numbers reflects the growth in demand."

2. Obsession

Meaning: Sự ám ảnh
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "People’s obsession with appearance could stem from exposure to modern culture..."

3. Ubiquity

Meaning: Sự phổ biến, có mặt ở khắp nơi
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "A the ubiquity of celebrities in the media."

4. Autonomy

Meaning: Quyền tự chủ
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Respect for Autonomy: Adults should decide for themselves..."

5. Enduring

Meaning: Lâu dài, bền vững
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...aesthetic surgery, which may cause enduring negative effects."

6. Realistic

Meaning: Thực tế
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Patient expectations should be realistic."

7. Beneficence

Meaning: Lòng từ thiện, làm điều tốt
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Surgeons must bear in mind patients’ best interests..."

8. Flaw

Meaning: Khuyết điểm
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...correcting a minor or non-existent flaw."

9. Non-maleficence

Meaning: Nguyên tắc không gây hại
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Surgeons must always act with the patients’ welfare in mind."

10. Complications

Meaning: Biến chứng
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...can be at risk of complications whilst undergoing general anaesthesia..."

11. Ethical

Meaning: Đạo đức
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Ethical considerations also cause dilemmas for doctors..."

12. Dilemmas

Meaning: Tình thế khó xử, tiến thoái lưỡng nan
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...ethical considerations also cause dilemmas for doctors..."

13. Ideologies

Meaning: Hệ tư tưởng
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...deriving income from possibly ill-conceived societal ideologies."

14. Judgement

Meaning: Sự phán xét, đánh giá
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...subjective judgement is needed to make the choices."

15. Aesthetic

Meaning: Thẩm mỹ
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Purely aesthetic factors should maybe be considered..."

16. Surgeons

Meaning: Bác sĩ phẫu thuật
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Surgeons must bear in mind patients’ best interests."

17. General anaesthesia

Meaning: Gây mê toàn thân
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...whilst undergoing general anaesthesia during surgery."

18. Fundamental

Meaning: Cơ bản, nền tảng
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Access to healthcare is generally thought of as a fundamental right."

19. Ill-conceived

Meaning: Không được cân nhắc kỹ
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...possibly ill-conceived societal ideologies."

20. Resources

Meaning: Nguồn lực
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...restrictions in resources lead to rationing..."

• B
• D
• C
• risks
• expectations
• preoccupation
• individual basis
• conflict (of interest)>> IELTS TUTOR có hướng dẫn kĩ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 2 (dạng advantages & disadvantages) NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi)
• entitlement
• rationing
• social systems
• profit
• stigmatisation
• A