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Sir Francis Ronalds and the Telegraph

RONALDS, Sir FRANCIS (1788–1873), inventor of the electric telegraph and meteorologist, was the son of Francis Ronalds, a London merchant, and Jane, daughter of William Field. He was born in London on 21 February 1788 and educated at a private school in Cheshunt under the Rev. E. Cogan. From an early age, Ronalds displayed a talent for experimentation and later excelled in practical mechanics and draughtsmanship. Influenced by Jean André de Luc (1727–1817), whom he met in 1814, Ronalds began focusing on practical electricity. In 1814 and 1815, he published several papers on electricity in Tilloch’s Philosophical Magazine, one of which detailed an ingenious use of De Luc's "electric column" to power a clock.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Ronalds is best remembered as the inventor of the electric telegraph. Since 1753, when the first proposal for an electric telegraph using static electricity was made by a writer signing "C." (believed to be Charles Morrison) in the Scots Magazine, several advancements had been made by notable figures like Volta, Le Sage, Lomond, Cavallo, Salva, and others. However, the invention required further development to reach its full potential.

In 1816, while residing at Upper Mall, Hammersmith, Ronalds built two frames in his garden to accommodate eight miles of wire for his electrostatic telegraph invention. His system employed clockwork-driven rotating dials engraved with letters and numbers, synchronized at both ends of the circuit. Messages were transmitted by earthing the wire at the desired letter, which caused pith balls at the receiving end to fall together, signaling the corresponding letter. Though slow and reliant on the dials staying in sync, Ronalds successfully sent messages over 150 meters of wire and later through eight miles of iron wire suspended above his garden.

Ronalds also experimented with enclosing wires in glass tubes buried underground and refined his telegraph system by synchronously rotating lettered discs powered by a frictional-electricity machine. Despite the innovation and practical utility of his invention, it had limitations, such as the slow transmission of symbols. Ronalds envisioned his telegraph working over distances of 800 kilometers and proposed its use for communication between London and Portsmouth.

In 1816, Ronalds offered his telegraph to the Admiralty, but it was dismissed as unnecessary. John Barrow, Secretary to the Admiralty, stated that "telegraphs of any kind are now wholly unnecessary," favoring the existing semaphore system, which was limited to daylight and good weather conditions.

Disheartened, Ronalds traveled across Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean from 1816 to 1823, taking notes, sketching, and collecting scientific works, which formed the foundation of the Ronalds Library, later left to the Institution of Electrical Engineers (now the IET). In 1823, he published a pamphlet describing his telegraph and its potential applications, advocating for "Electrical Conversazione offices" across the country.

In 1825, Ronalds invented and patented a perspective tracing instrument for drawing from nature, which he improved in 1828 and described in his work Mechanical Perspective. Despite his numerous innovations, Ronalds never patented his electric telegraph. His contributions were overshadowed by Charles Wheatstone and William Fothergill Cooke, who developed and patented a commercial electric telegraph in 1837. Wheatstone, who had witnessed Ronalds's experiments as a child, later acknowledged his debt to Ronalds during a controversy over the invention's credit in 1855.

In 1843, Ronalds became honorary director and superintendent of the Meteorological Observatory at Kew, established by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He developed a photographic system for recording meteorological data, a method independently devised by Charles Brooke around the same time. The British Association confirmed Ronalds's priority, and his system became a precursor to automated meteorological recording, remaining in use for years after his death.

Ronalds lived to see his innovations recognized and, in 1870, was knighted by Queen Victoria for his "early and remarkable labors in telegraphic investigations." He passed away in 1873, leaving a legacy as a pioneer of telecommunication and meteorology.

After this disappointment, Ronalds set off for the continent. He travelled throughout Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean, taking notes, sketching, and collecting scientific books between 1816 and 1823. He had begun collecting his large library of works on electricity and kindred subjects. The last activity formed the beginnings of the Ronalds Library, left in trust to the IEE (now the IET) after his death.

In a small pamphlet published in 1823, Ronalds described his invention and listed some of its possible uses:

"Why should not government govern at Portsmouth almost as promptly as in Downing Street? Why should our defaulters escape by default of our foggy climate? Let us have Electrical Conversazione offices communicating with each other all over the kingdom if we can."

In 1825, he invented and patented a perspective tracing instrument, intended to facilitate drawing from nature, which he improved about 1828 and described in a work called 'Mechanical Perspective.' These instruments seem to be the only ones for which he took out patents.

However, Ronalds never patented his invention in the electric telegraph. Ronalds seems to have made few or no practical contributions to science. In the meanwhile, one person did benefit from this work—Charles Wheatstone, who saw the telegraph as a boy. When Charles Wheatstone was quite a child, his father had seen the Ronalds telegraph at work. Later, the invention of an electric telegraph had been marvelously developed by Wheatstone, who had seen many of the Hammersmith experiments, in conjunction with Mr. William Fothergill Cooke. Together, these two men devised and patented in 1837 the first electric telegraph used publicly and commercially in England.

When, in 1855, a controversy arose between Wheatstone and Cooke with regard to their respective shares in the invention, Wheatstone at once acknowledged his direct debt to Ronalds. Cooke, though less fully, acknowledged the priority of Ronalds's work. Until 1855, Ronalds's share in the invention had been forgotten by the public.

Early in 1843, Ronalds was made honorary director and superintendent of the Meteorological Observatory, which was then established at Kew by the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He began work on a system for registering meteorological data using photography, and this time was awarded a grant to continue his work. A similar system was developed independently by Charles Brooke, aided like Ronalds by grants from the Royal Society, who had invented independently about this time. However, the British Association confirmed Ronalds's priority. This was the beginning of automatic, accurate recording of meteorological data, which remained in use for some years after Ronalds's death.

Ronalds lived long enough to see his prophecies come to fruition and to receive belated official recognition. In 1870, three years before he died, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I for his "early and remarkable labors in telegraphic investigations."

Questions:

Question 1-5
Matching each correct year to the historical event in the passage, and write the correct answer into box 1-5 in the answer sheet.

A 1753
B 1806
C 1816
D 1823
E 1825
F 1837
G 1843

1. When did Francis Ronalds achieve a satisfactory result in the electricity experiment conducted the first time?

2. When was the first proposal of an electric telegraph based on static electricity?

3. When did Ronalds get a patent for his invention firstly?

4. Ronalds first made it known and revealed the applicable significance of his telegram to the public.

5. The contribution being done by Ronalds' invention in meteorological data

Question 6-9
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.

1. What were carved in the experimental dials when doing Ronalds' experiment in the garden?

2. What were enclosed with the buried telegram wires when Ronalds did the improved experiment?

3. What is the greatest distance Ronalds believed his telegram can send?

4. What kind of power supplied to keeping the wire charged continuously?

Question 10-14
The passage has paragraphs as A-I; which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the appropriate letter A-I for box 10-14 on your answer sheet.

1. The fundamental aims of mapmaking remain unchanged.

2. The possibilities of satellite mapping are infinite.

3. There is a commercial use of the telegram.

4. There is a contributory influence on Ronalds from a fellow he got to know.

5. Ronalds’s proposal was rejected as the preceding reference to another application.

1. Telegraph

• Vietnamese: Điện báo (một hệ thống truyền tin nhắn qua khoảng cách xa bằng tín hiệu điện).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Ronalds is best remembered as the inventor of the electric telegraph."
  (Ronalds được nhớ đến nhiều nhất với vai trò là người phát minh ra điện báo điện.)

2. Meteorologist

• Vietnamese: Nhà khí tượng học (người nghiên cứu về thời tiết và khí hậu).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Sir Francis Ronalds... inventor of the electric telegraph and meteorologist."
  (Sir Francis Ronalds... nhà phát minh điện báo và nhà khí tượng học.)

3. Draughtsmanship

• Vietnamese: Kỹ năng vẽ kỹ thuật (khả năng tạo ra các bản vẽ kỹ thuật chính xác).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "From an early age, Ronalds displayed a talent for experimentation and later excelled in practical mechanics and draughtsmanship."
  (Từ nhỏ, Ronalds đã thể hiện tài năng thử nghiệm và sau đó xuất sắc trong cơ khí thực hành và vẽ kỹ thuật.)

4. Electrostatic

• Vietnamese: Tĩnh điện (liên quan đến điện tích đứng yên).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Ronalds built two frames in his garden to accommodate eight miles of wire for his electrostatic telegraph invention."
  (Ronalds đã xây dựng hai khung trong vườn để chứa tám dặm dây cho phát minh điện báo tĩnh điện của mình.)

5. Clockwork

• Vietnamese: Bộ máy đồng hồ (cơ chế hoạt động bằng bánh răng và dây cót).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "His system employed clockwork-driven rotating dials engraved with letters and numbers."
  (Hệ thống của ông sử dụng các mặt số xoay được điều khiển bằng bộ máy đồng hồ, khắc chữ và số.)

6. Synchronized

• Vietnamese: Đồng bộ hóa (hoạt động cùng lúc hoặc theo cùng một nhịp điệu).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "The dials were synchronized at both ends of the circuit."
  (Các mặt số được đồng bộ hóa ở cả hai đầu mạch điện.)

7. Pith balls

• Vietnamese: Quả cầu xốp (những quả cầu nhẹ làm từ lõi cây, dùng trong thí nghiệm tĩnh điện).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Messages were transmitted by earthing the wire at the desired letter, which caused pith balls at the receiving end to fall together."
  (Tin nhắn được truyền bằng cách nối đất dây ở chữ cái mong muốn, khiến các quả cầu xốp ở đầu nhận rơi xuống cùng nhau.)

8. Semaphore

• Vietnamese: Hệ thống tín hiệu cờ hoặc cột (dùng để truyền tin nhắn qua khoảng cách xa).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "John Barrow... favored the existing semaphore system, which was limited to daylight and good weather conditions."
  (John Barrow... ủng hộ hệ thống tín hiệu cờ hiện có, vốn chỉ hoạt động được vào ban ngày và trong điều kiện thời tiết tốt.)

9. Photographic system

• Vietnamese: Hệ thống chụp ảnh (sử dụng công nghệ nhiếp ảnh để ghi lại dữ liệu).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "He developed a photographic system for recording meteorological data."
  (Ông đã phát triển một hệ thống chụp ảnh để ghi lại dữ liệu khí tượng.)

10. Precursor

• Vietnamese: Tiền thân (một thứ xuất hiện trước và dẫn đường cho sự phát triển của thứ khác).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "His system became a precursor to automated meteorological recording."
  (Hệ thống của ông trở thành tiền thân của việc ghi chép khí tượng tự động.)

11. Patent

• Vietnamese: Bằng sáng chế (quyền sở hữu trí tuệ cho một phát minh).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Ronalds never patented his electric telegraph."
  (Ronalds không bao giờ đăng ký bằng sáng chế cho điện báo điện của mình.)

12. Conversazione

• Vietnamese: Buổi trò chuyện hoặc trao đổi học thuật (thường mang tính chất xã hội và trí tuệ).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "He advocated for 'Electrical Conversazione offices' across the country."
  (Ông ủng hộ việc thành lập các 'văn phòng trò chuyện điện' trên khắp đất nước.)

13. Perspective tracing instrument

• Vietnamese: Dụng cụ vẽ phối cảnh (công cụ hỗ trợ vẽ hình ảnh từ tự nhiên với độ chính xác cao).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "In 1825, he invented and patented a perspective tracing instrument for drawing from nature."
  (Năm 1825, ông đã phát minh và đăng ký bằng sáng chế cho một dụng cụ vẽ phối cảnh để vẽ từ tự nhiên.)

14. Meteorological Observatory

• Vietnamese: Đài quan sát khí tượng (nơi nghiên cứu và ghi lại dữ liệu thời tiết).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "In 1843, Ronalds became honorary director and superintendent of the Meteorological Observatory at Kew."
  (Năm 1843, Ronalds trở thành giám đốc danh dự và người giám sát Đài quan sát Khí tượng tại Kew.)

15. Belated recognition

• Vietnamese: Sự công nhận muộn màng (sự công nhận đến sau một thời gian dài).

• IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Ronalds lived long enough to see his prophecies come to fruition and to receive belated official recognition."
  (Ronalds sống đủ lâu để thấy những dự đoán của mình thành hiện thực và nhận được sự công nhận chính thức muộn màng.)

Answers:

1. Answer: C

2. Answer: A

3. Answer: E

4. Answer: D

5. Answer: G

6. Answer: letters and numbers

7. Answer: glass tubes

8. Answer: 800km

9. Answer: frictional-electricity machine

10. Answer: G

11. Answer: A

12. Answer: E

13. Answer: D

14. Answer: I

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