🔥The Dawning Vision: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test) - Làm bài online format computer-based, kèm giải thích từ vựng

The Dawning Vision

Galileo Galilei, a monumental figure in the pantheon of scientific revolutionaries, fundamentally altered the trajectory of natural philosophy and the nascent discipline of modern science. Born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy, Galileo's intellectual pursuits encompassed mathematics, physics, and astronomy, fields in which he established foundational principles that persist in scientific discourse to this day. His methodological rigor and defiance of dogma set him apart as both a beacon of innovation and a lightning rod for controversy.

Galileo's most significant contributions to astronomy include his refinement of the telescope and subsequent celestial discoveries. Though rudimentary telescopic devices existed prior, Galileo's enhancements increased magnification substantially, allowing unprecedented observations. Through this lens, he made landmark discoveries: Jupiter's four largest moons, now named the Galilean satellites (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), which provided tangible evidence that not all celestial bodies orbited the Earth. This revelation constituted a formidable challenge to the Ptolemaic model of geocentricity, which had been upheld by scholastic and ecclesiastical authorities for centuries.

The Copernican heliocentric theory, which posited the Sun at the center of the universe, gained empirical support through Galileo's observations. The phases of Venus, discernible through his telescope, corroborated the model of heliocentrism, suggesting that Venus orbited the Sun and not Earth. Such findings underscored a paradigm shift that eventually dislodged the geocentric worldview entrenched within the Aristotelian framework and endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church.

Galileo's meticulous approach to experimentation and quantification revolutionized the study of physics. His investigations into the dynamics of motion were pioneering, particularly his studies on the acceleration of falling bodies. Disputing Aristotelian assumptions that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones, Galileo established through inclined plane experiments that objects accelerate uniformly regardless of their mass, laying the groundwork for Newton's formulation of the laws of motion. The equation s=12gt2s = \frac{1}{2}gt^2s=21gt2, derived from Galileo's work, accurately described the distance traversed by an object under uniform acceleration, with ggg representing the acceleration due to gravity.
However, Galileo's scientific acumen was not universally lauded in his lifetime. The dissemination of his heliocentric support attracted the ire of the Inquisition, culminating in his 1633 trial. The Church condemned his works as "vehemently suspect of heresy," leading to his forced abjuration and house arrest. While the condemnation temporarily stymied the acceptance of heliocentric theory, Galileo's writings, most notably Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, circulated clandestinely and continued to influence the scientific community.
Kemblemate of the tension bet
The trial of Galileo remains emblematic of the tension between dogmatic authority and empirical inquiry. His conviction underscored the constraints imposed by religious orthodoxy on intellectual freedom during the Renaissance, a period otherwise marked by the rebirth of critical thinking and exploration. Ironically, the Church's attempt to suppress Galileo's findings amplified their influence, as the conflict rendered the clash between science and religion a subject of enduring philosophical contemplation.
Galileo's legacy extends beyond his astronomical and physical findings; he championed the empirical method as a superior means of acquiring knowledge. His insistence on observation and experimentation as opposed to reliance on established doctrine set a precedent for the burgeoning scientific method. His dictum, "Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so,” encapsulated the emerging ethos of precision and empiricism that would come to define modern science.
The ramifications of Galileo's work permeate contemporary thought, undergirding fields as diverse as astrophysics, engineering, and applied mathematics. His challenges to orthodoxy catalyzed an intellectual upheaval, inspiring successive generations of scientists to question received wisdom and seek verifiable truths. Galileo's synthesis of theory and practice, his relentless pursuit of knowledge, and his courage in the face of formidable opposition resonate with the core tenets of scientific inquiry.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR
In conclusion, Galileo Galilei's pioneering contributions marked the dawn of modern science. His astronomical observations, redefinition of physical principles, and advocacy for empirical methodologies were revolutionary. Although subjected to institutional censure, Galileo's enduring influence manifests in the sustained emphasis on observational precision and rational analysis in scientific endeavors. His indelible impact continues to inspire an unyielding quest for understanding, embodying the spirit of discovery that propels humanity forward.

14. What significant discovery did Galileo make using an improved telescope?
A. The phases of Mercury
B. The rings of Saturn
C. The moons of Jupiter
D. The comet trajectories
15. Why was Galileo's support for the heliocentric theory considered controversial?
A. It contradicted Copernican principles.
B. It challenged the established Church doctrines.

Questions 16-18

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D).

16. How did Galileo's study of motion contribute to physics?

• A. It proved heavier bodies fall faster than lighter ones.
• B. It refuted Copernicus' theories on celestial orbits.
• C. It introduced the concept of uniform acceleration.
• D. It demonstrated objects move in elliptical orbits.

17. What outcome followed Galileo's trial in 1633?

• A. He was imprisoned for life in a fortress.
• B. His works were permanently banned from circulation.
• C. He was sentenced to house arrest.
• D. He successfully defended his scientific findings.

18. Which of the following best describes Galileo's broader impact on scientific methods?

• A. Advocating for theoretical assumptions over observational data
• B. Encouraging reliance on religious doctrine for explanations
• C. Promoting systematic experimentation and quantification
• D. Emphasizing unprovable hypotheses to challenge norms

Questions 19-22

Match each statement with the correct figure from the box. Figures: A. Galileo Galilei, B. Nicolaus Copernicus, C. Sir Isaac Newton, D. Aristotle

19. Advocated a model with Earth at the center of the universe

20. Supported the idea that the Sun is central in the solar system

21. Formulated laws based on Galileo's study of motion

22. Was recognized for pioneering empirical methods of observation

Questions 23-26

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Galileo's improvement of the telescope allowed him to observe celestial objects, including the four largest 23. ______ orbiting Jupiter. These findings reinforced the 24. ______ model of the solar system, which proposed that the 25. ______ was not the center of all orbits. Despite facing significant resistance, Galileo's methods laid the foundation for 26. ______ emphasizing observation and empirical data over traditional beliefs.

• Monumental

  • Translation: Quan trọng, vĩ đại
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Galileo Galilei, a monumental figure in the pantheon of scientific revolutionaries..."
  • Vietnamese: Galileo Galilei, một nhân vật vĩ đại trong giới cách mạng khoa học...

• Pantheon

  • Translation: Nhóm nổi tiếng hoặc được tôn kính
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...a monumental figure in the pantheon of scientific revolutionaries..."
  • Vietnamese: ...một nhân vật vĩ đại trong nhóm các nhà cách mạng khoa học được tôn kính...

• Nascent

  • Translation: Mới nổi, mới bắt đầu
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...the nascent discipline of modern science."
  • Vietnamese: ...lĩnh vực khoa học hiện đại mới nổi.

• Dogma

  • Translation: Giáo điều, niềm tin không thể tranh cãi
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "His methodological rigor and defiance of dogma set him apart..."
  • Vietnamese: Phương pháp nghiêm ngặt của ông và sự thách thức giáo điều đã làm ông nổi bật...

• Celestial

  • Translation: Thuộc về bầu trời hoặc vũ trụ
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...subsequent celestial discoveries."
  • Vietnamese: ...những khám phá thiên thể sau đó.

• Geocentricity

  • Translation: Thuyết địa tâm (cho rằng Trái Đất là trung tâm của vũ trụ)
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...a formidable challenge to the Ptolemaic model of geocentricity..."
  • Vietnamese: ...một thách thức lớn đối với mô hình địa tâm của Ptolemy...

• Heliocentric

  • Translation: Thuyết nhật tâm (cho rằng Mặt Trời là trung tâm của vũ trụ)
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "The Copernican heliocentric theory, which posited the Sun at the center of the universe..."
  • Vietnamese: Thuyết nhật tâm của Copernicus, cho rằng Mặt Trời là trung tâm của vũ trụ...

• Paradigm

  • Translation: Mô hình, khuôn mẫu
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...underscored a paradigm shift that eventually dislodged the geocentric worldview..."
  • Vietnamese: ...nhấn mạnh sự thay đổi mô hình, cuối cùng đã làm thay đổi quan điểm địa tâm...

• Empirical

  • Translation: Dựa trên thực nghiệm, thực tế
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...Galileo's meticulous approach to experimentation and quantification revolutionized the study of physics."
  • Vietnamese: Phương pháp tỉ mỉ của Galileo trong thực nghiệm và định lượng đã cách mạng hóa ngành vật lý.

• Quantification

  • Translation: Sự định lượng
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...Galileo's meticulous approach to experimentation and quantification..."
  • Vietnamese: ...phương pháp tỉ mỉ của Galileo trong thực nghiệm và định lượng...

• Abjuration

  • Translation: Sự từ bỏ công khai
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...leading to his forced abjuration and house arrest."
  • Vietnamese: ...dẫn đến việc ông buộc phải từ bỏ công khai và bị quản thúc tại gia.

• Clandestinely

  • Translation: Một cách bí mật
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...Galileo's writings...circulated clandestinely..."
  • Vietnamese: ...các tác phẩm của Galileo...được lưu hành bí mật...

• Orthodoxy

  • Translation: Quan điểm chính thống
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "His conviction underscored the constraints imposed by religious orthodoxy on intellectual freedom..."
  • Vietnamese: Phán quyết của ông đã nhấn mạnh những ràng buộc do quan điểm chính thống tôn giáo áp đặt lên tự do tư tưởng...

• Dictum

  • Translation: Châm ngôn, lời tuyên bố chính thức
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "His dictum, 'Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so...'"
  • Vietnamese: Châm ngôn của ông, "Đo lường những gì có thể đo lường, và làm cho những gì không thể đo lường trở nên có thể..."

• Indelible

  • Translation: Không thể xóa nhòa
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...Galileo's indelible impact continues to inspire an unyielding quest for understanding..."
  • Vietnamese: ...tác động không thể xóa nhòa của Galileo tiếp tục truyền cảm hứng cho sự tìm kiếm hiểu biết không ngừng...

ANSWER KEY

Questions 14-18 (Multiple Choice)

1. C. The moons of Jupiter
2. B. It challenged the established Church doctrines.
3. C. It introduced the concept of uniform acceleration.
4. C. He was sentenced to house arrest.
5. C. Promoting systematic experimentation and quantification

Questions 19-22 (Matching)

1. D. Aristotle
2. B. Nicolaus Copernicus
3. C. Sir Isaac Newton
4. A. Galileo Galilei

Questions 23-26 (Summary Completion)

1. moons
2. heliocentric
3. Earth
4. scientific method