Bên cạnh PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 2 (dạng advantages & disadvantages) Some students work while studying. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend and give your opinion?NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi), IELTS TUTOR cung cấp 🔥The Impact of Invasive Species: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test) - Làm bài online format computer-based, , kèm đáp án, dịch & giải thích từ vựng - cấu trúc ngữ pháp khó

Reading Passage 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2.

The Impact of Invasive Species

A

Invasive species are among the leading threats to the native wildlife of most countries, with approximately 42 percent of endangered species at risk from them. Invasive species can be any kind of organism—for example, a mammal, amphibian, fish, insect, or plant—that is not native to an ecosystem. Often, they reproduce and spread with great speed. Contrary to popular belief, a plant or animal classified as an invasive species does not necessarily originate in another country. For example, lake trout are native to the Great Lakes of North America but are considered an invasive species in Yellowstone Lake in Wyoming because they compete with native cutthroat trout for habitat.

B

When a new species is introduced into an ecosystem, native wildlife may struggle to compete with it for food and other resources. Invasive species can change the food web in an ecosystem by destroying or replacing native food sources while providing little or no food for local wildlife. In extreme cases, the invader may prey on the native species. Above all, invasive species threaten biodiversity in many habitats. For instance, the climbing plant species kudzu (which is native to East Asia) can easily replace a habitat that had a wide range of plants with a monoculture consisting solely of kudzu, as has started to happen in the southeast of the USA.

C

The phenomenon is not an exclusively modern one. Humans have always transferred a variety of species from one region to another, but the development of rapid means of transportation has increased the frequency of such introductions. Aquatic organisms can be shipped across the oceans, while insects can easily get into the wooden crates that are transported around the world in this way. In addition, climate change has enabled some invasive plant species to colonize new areas. Other invasive species include pets such as snakes or turtles, which are intentionally set free into the wild.

D

Invasive species do not all present the same level of threat to native ecosystems and can be classified into three types. The first of these may be introduced species that can maintain themselves in a limited range of habitats without upsetting the ecological equilibrium of the area. Some scientists have even argued that, in these cases, the introduction enhances the diversity of animal and plant life in that specific area. A second group of invaders presents a greater threat because their spread is at the expense of one native species. The North American grey squirrel, for example, was introduced to the UK in 1876 largely because wealthy landowners thought it would be a fashionable and attractive addition to the local wildlife on their estates. It spread widely, leading directly to the dramatic decline in the population of the native red squirrel. However, it would appear that this is the only definite negative impact of the grey squirrel.

E

There is a third level of threat in which the dominance of the introduced species has an extremely destructive effect on the entire ecosystem. One of the most damaging examples involved a species of comb jellyfish. Native to estuaries along the western Atlantic coast from the northern United States to the Valdés Peninsula in Argentina, this species was released from a ship into the Black Sea in Eastern Europe in 1982, almost certainly by accident. The Black Sea has levels of industrial waste that are, by international standards, exceptionally high. Despite this, fishing boats were still able to catch healthy numbers of fish. But when the invading jellyfish underwent a population explosion in the space of just six years, the entire marine ecosystem was transformed, and fish numbers declined dramatically because they were in competition with the jellyfish, preying on exactly the same microscopic creatures. The jellyfish had a more serious impact on the ecosystem than the heavily polluted water.

F

More than a century after its introduction outside its native range on the Amazon River in South America, a plant known as a water hyacinth can be found in tropical lakes, streams, and rivers around the world. Its beauty attracted botanists seeking exotic plants for botanical gardens, and they imported it to a horticultural exhibition in New Orleans in 1884. Visitors were so impressed that they planted it in many locations during the 1880s and 1890s, resulting in the aquatic ecosystems of the southeastern United States being progressively colonized by vast, floating, dense carpets of water hyacinth. Today, it is present around the globe, damaging boat engines and even blocking cooling pipes for power plants, occasionally leading to massive blackouts. The impact of the water hyacinth on native water plants is largely unstudied, as is unfortunately the case for most ecosystems invaded by new plant species.

G

In the United States, more than 7,000 introduced species have established themselves, of which at least 15 percent cause ecological damage. As the number of invasive species expands, legislation to deal with this problem is rare or non-existent in the majority of countries. Unfortunately, ordinary people outside the scientific community have a very limited understanding of the threat posed by invasive species, which means that other environmental threats receive considerably more media attention. The introduction of new species can initially seem highly desirable, but the full extent of their impact is consistently underestimated.

H

Although ultimately, measures need to be taken at an international level, limited action is possible by individuals. One way is for people to plant native plants in their gardens rather than species from abroad. It is also useful to learn to identify invasive species and report any sightings to wildlife organizations. Regularly cleaning clothing, boots, boats, tires, and any other equipment regularly used outdoors can remove insects and plant parts that may introduce invasive species into new locations.

Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes on your answer sheet.

1. A suggestion that people have moved numerous species across the globe throughout history
2. An example of how an ecosystem can be damaged very rapidly
3. A description of what can be done to restrict the spread of invasive species
4. A reference to the lack of research on the effects of some invasive species
5. A mention of a current lack of public awareness of the problem of invasive species
6. That an introduced species may benefit a specific ecosystem

Questions 20-21
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO reasons for the spread of invasive species are mentioned in the text?
A. The wish to eliminate undesirable native species
B. The recent expansion of international trade in agricultural products
C. A lack of checks on some of the cargo on board ships
D. The deliberate release of non-native animals
E. An extension of their geographical range as a result of global warming

Questions 22-23
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO statements does the writer make about the water hyacinth?
A. It is native to almost every region of the world.
B. It was brought to North America in the late nineteenth century.
C. Its beauty has led people to ignore the negative effects it has.
D. Its spread has caused some practical problems in recent years.
E. Scientists recommended its introduction to the USA.

Questions 24-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

1. Kudzu has reduced the _______ of certain areas in the southeast of the USA.
2. Some introduced species present a low level of threat if they remain within a small area and do not disturb the _______ of the surrounding ecosystem.
3. The effect of invasive jellyfish in the Black Sea was greater than that _______ from factories.

Tác Động của Loài Xâm Lấn

A
Loài xâm lấn (invasive species) non-native species, introduced species, exotic species là một trong những mối đe dọa chính đối với động vật hoang dã bản địa (native wildlife) indigenous fauna, local species, endemic animals ở hầu hết các quốc gia, với khoảng 42% loài nguy cấp (endangered species) threatened species, at-risk species, vulnerable species bị đe dọa bởi chúng. Loài xâm lấn có thể là bất kỳ sinh vật (organism) living being, creature, life form nào—động vật có vú, lưỡng cư, cá, côn trùng hoặc thực vật—không thuộc hệ sinh thái (ecosystem) ecological system, environment, biome bản địa. Chúng thường sinh sản (reproduce) breed, multiply, propagate và lan rộng (spread) expand, disperse, proliferate rất nhanh. Trái với suy nghĩ thông thường, loài xâm lấn không nhất thiết xuất phát từ nước ngoài. Ví dụ, cá hồi hồ (lake trout) vốn là loài bản địa ở Ngũ Đại Hồ (Bắc Mỹ) nhưng lại bị coi là loài xâm lấn ở Hồ Yellowstone (Wyoming) do cạnh tranh (compete) vie, contend, struggle với cá hồi cắt (cutthroat trout) bản địa để giành môi trường sống (habitat) natural environment, dwelling place, ecosystem.

B
Khi một loài mới (new species) non-indigenous species, alien species, exotic species xâm nhập vào hệ sinh thái, động vật bản địa (native species) indigenous fauna, endemic organisms, local wildlife phải vật lộn để giành thức ăn và tài nguyên (resources) assets, materials, reserves. Loài xâm lấn có thể phá vỡ mạng lưới thức ăn (food web) food chain, trophic network, ecological pyramid bằng cách thay thế nguồn thức ăn bản địa (native food sources) local prey, indigenous nutrients, endemic supplies, đồng thời không cung cấp đủ thức ăn cho quần thể địa phương (local wildlife). Trường hợp cực đoan, chúng thậm chí săn loài bản địa. Đặc biệt, loài xâm lấn đe dọa đa dạng sinh học (biodiversity) biological diversity, ecological variety, species richness. Ví dụ, cây kudzu (kudzu) (bản địa Đông Á) đã thay thế quần xã thực vật đa dạng (diverse plant community) bằng đơn canh (monoculture) single-crop system, uniform cultivation, homogeneous planting ở miền đông nam nước Mỹ.

C
Hiện tượng này không chỉ xuất hiện ở thời hiện đại. Con người luôn vô tình vận chuyển sinh vật giữa các khu vực, nhưng giao thông tốc độ cao (rapid transportation) fast transit, quick conveyance, speedy logistics đã làm tăng tần suất này. Sinh vật thủy sinh (aquatic organisms) marine life, water creatures, aquatic life có thể theo tàu vượt đại dương, trong khi côn trùng ẩn náu trong thùng gỗ (wooden crates) timber containers, wooden boxes, crates. Biến đổi khí hậu (climate change) global warming, environmental shift, temperature fluctuation cũng giúp loài xâm lấn thực vật mở rộng vùng phân bố (colonize) settle, inhabit, occupy. Ngoài ra, vật nuôi (pets) companion animals, domestic animals, house pets như rắn hoặc rùa thường bị thả ra tự nhiên.

D
Loài xâm lấn được chia thành ba nhóm dựa trên mức độ đe dọa. Nhóm đầu tiên tồn tại trong phạm vi hẹp (limited range) restricted area, confined zone, narrow scope mà không phá vỡ cân bằng sinh thái (ecological equilibrium) environmental balance, natural harmony, ecosystem stability. Một số nhà khoa học cho rằng chúng còn tăng đa dạng sinh học (diversity) variety, multiplicity, heterogeneity. Nhóm thứ hai gây hại lớn hơn khi đe dọa loài bản địa cụ thể. Ví dụ, sóc xám Bắc Mỹ (North American grey squirrel) du nhập vào Anh năm 1876 đã khiến sóc đỏ (red squirrel) bản địa suy giảm nghiêm trọng.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

E
Nhóm thứ ba có sức tàn phá hệ sinh thái toàn diện. Sứa lược (comb jellyfish) ctenophore, sea walnut, Mnemiopsis là ví dụ điển hình: sau khi vô tình xâm nhập Biển Đen (1982), chúng bùng nổ dân số, cạnh tranh thức ăn với cá và hủy hoại hệ sinh thái biển (marine ecosystem) oceanic environment, sea habitat, aquatic system dù nơi đây ô nhiễm nặng.

F
Bèo tây (water hyacinth) Eichhornia crassipes, floating plant, aquatic weed du nhập từ sông Amazon (Nam Mỹ) đã phủ kín hệ thống thủy sinh (aquatic ecosystems) water habitats, marine environments, freshwater systems toàn cầu. Được mang đến triển lãm làm cảnh ở New Orleans (1884), chúng gây tắc động cơ thuyền và ống làm mát (cooling pipes) chill tubes, refrigeration ducts, coolant lines của nhà máy điện, dẫn đến mất điện (blackouts) power outages, electrical failures, grid collapses.

G
Tại Mỹ, hơn 7.000 loài du nhập (introduced species) đã định cư, 15% trong số đó gây thiệt hại sinh thái (ecological damage) environmental harm, ecosystem destruction, natural degradation. Tuy nhiên, pháp luật (legislation) regulations, statutes, legal frameworks về vấn đề này còn thiếu, và công chúng ít nhận thức được mối nguy này so với các mối đe dọa môi trường (environmental threats) ecological risks, natural hazards, planetary dangers khác.

H
Dù cần giải pháp toàn cầu (international measures) global actions, worldwide initiatives, cross-border strategies, cá nhân vẫn có thể hành động: trồng cây bản địa (native plants), báo cáo loài xâm lấn, và vệ sinh thiết bị ngoài trời (outdoor equipment) gear, tools, apparatus để loại bỏ mầm bệnh (insects/plant parts) pests, pathogens, contaminants.

Passage 2

14 c 15 e 16 h 17 f 18 g 19 d 20/21 d/e 22/23 b/d 24 biodiversity 25 equilibrium 26 waste

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