🔥 The Origin of Paper IELTS READING ACTUAL TEST - Làm bài online format computer-based, kèm giải thích từ vựng (thi máy 03/8/2024)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading

Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3.

The Origin of Paper

The word paper derives from the Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing material called papyrus. In about 2400 BC, the Egyptians discovered how to make a writing surface out of papyrus, a type of reed that grows along waterways in southern Europe and North Africa. The Egyptians cut the plant into strips which they softened in water. Papyrus was cross-woven into a mat and then pounded into a hard thin sheet. As the papyrus plant requires subtropical conditions to grow, papyrus wasnot much used in Europe at that time; instead, the main material used for writing was parchment. This was made from animal skin and was extremely expensive. In fact, it has been estimated that a single book written on parchment required the skins of 300 sheep. The skins had to be specifically prepared by drying them and they were then stretched on a special frame. It is not known when parchment was first introduced, but it was the main writing material in Europe for hundreds of years. Paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants, seems to have been invented in China and is considered to be one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China. In 105 AD, under the Han Dynasty emperor Ho-Ti, a government official in China named Ts'ai Lun was the first to start a papermaking industry. Ts'ai Lun seems to have made his paper by mixing finely chopped mulberry bark and hemp rags with water, mashing the mixture flat with a stone mortar, and then pressing out the water and letting it dry in the sun. He may have based his idea on bark cloth, which was very common in China and also made from mulberry.

Previously, during the Shang (1600-1050 BC) and Zhou (1050-256 BC dynasties of Ancient China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo (on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrolls), making them very heavy and awkward to transport. The light material of silk was sometimes used, but was normally too expensive to consider. When it was first invented, paper was used for purposes of wrapping or padding protection for delicate bronze mirrors. Although paper used for writing became popular by the 3rd century AD, it continued to be used for wrapping and other purposes. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. During the same period, according to a written account, tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper c ups and paper napkins of different sizes andshapes.DuringtheChineseSongDynasty(960-1279AD)notonlydidthegovernment produce the world's first known printed paper money, or banknote, but paper money bestowed as gifts was wrapped in special paper envelopes. Paper spread slowly outside of China; other Asian cultures, even after seeing paper, could not make it themselves. Instruction in the manufacturing process was required, and the Chinese were reluctant to share their secrets. It made its true push westward in 751 AD when the Tang Dynasty was at war with the Islamic world. During a battle on the banks of the Tarus river, a Chinese caravan was captured which happened to include several papermakers. They were taken away to Samarkand, which was a good place to make paper because it had an abundant supply of hemp and flax.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Samarkanders changed the technology of manufacturing paper. They began to prepare it in stone mills and Samarkand became an important papermaking center. The rudimentary and laborious process of papermaking was refined and bulk manufacturing of paper began in Iran, where they invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper, which helped transform papermaking from an art into an important business. Gradually papermakers made their way further west through the Arab world - to Bagbdad, Damascus and Cairo. Finally, when the Moors from North Africa invaded Spain and Portugal they brought the technology with them and so it was that papermaking entered Europe in the 12th century.

In Europe, the preferred medium for the artists and literati of the time was still the smooth and lustrous parchment. The notion of paper being used as a practical everyday item did not occur until the 15th century when Johannes Gutenberg perfected movable type printing, which included the use of metal molds and alloys, a special press, and oil-based inks, allowing the mass production of printed books. The birth of the modern paper and printing industry is commonly marked from this date. Printing technology rapidly developed and created an ever-increasing demand for paper. The early European papers were made from recycled cotton and linen - and a huge trade quickly developed around the trading of old rags. It is said that the disease known as 'the Black Death' entered England from Europe on these old rags. Yet soon this source became insufficient and some curious attempts were made to find new materials. Experiments with fibers such as straw, cabbage, wasp nests and finally wood, resulted in inexpensive - and replaceable - materials for papermaking. Today, the long soft fibers of softwoods such as spruce have become the most suitable source of pulp for the mass production of paper.

Questions 1 - 7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE

FALSE
NOT GIVEN
1.ln Ancient China, writing was occasionally done on silk.
2.Coloured paper was invented during the Tang Dynasty.
3.Papermakers from Samarkand were captured by the Chinese.
4.Papermaking as a large-scale industry originated in Iran.
5.Papermaking skills were brought to Europe via North Africa.
6. When Gutenberg invented movable type, paper materials were very expensive. 7.The end of the trade in rags was brought about by the difficulty of transporting them.

1. Derive

Meaning: Xuất phát, bắt nguồn từ
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: The word "paper" derives from the Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing material called papyrus.
Vietnamese Translation: Từ "paper" bắt nguồn từ thuật ngữ Hy Lạp dành cho vật liệu viết cổ của Ai Cập gọi là "papyrus."

2. Papyrus

Meaning: Giấy cói, một loại vật liệu viết cổ làm từ cây cói
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: The Egyptians discovered how to make a writing surface out of papyrus, a type of reed.
Vietnamese Translation: Người Ai Cập đã phát hiện cách làm vật liệu viết từ "papyrus," một loại cây lau sậy.

3. Reed

Meaning: Cây lau sậy
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Papyrus is a type of reed that grows along waterways in southern Europe and North Africa.
Vietnamese Translation: Cây papyrus là một loại lau sậy mọc dọc theo các con sông ở Nam Âu và Bắc Phi.

4. Subtropical

Meaning: Cận nhiệt đới
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: As the papyrus plant requires subtropical conditions to grow, papyrus was not much used in Europe at that time.
Vietnamese Translation: Vì cây papyrus cần điều kiện cận nhiệt đới để phát triển, nên nó không được sử dụng rộng rãi ở châu Âu thời đó.

5. Parchment

Meaning: Giấy da, làm từ da động vật
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: The main material used for writing in Europe was parchment, which was extremely expensive.
Vietnamese Translation: Vật liệu chính được sử dụng để viết ở châu Âu là giấy da, thứ rất đắt đỏ.

6. Dynasty

Meaning: Triều đại
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants, seems to have been invented in China under the Han Dynasty.
Vietnamese Translation: Giấy, làm từ bột, giẻ rách và sợi thực vật, dường như đã được phát minh ở Trung Quốc dưới triều đại nhà Hán.

7. Pulp

Meaning: Bột giấy
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants, seems to have been invented in China.
Vietnamese Translation: Giấy, được làm từ bột giấy, giẻ rách và sợi thực vật, dường như đã được phát minh ở Trung Quốc.

8. Hemp

Meaning: Sợi gai dầu
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Ts’ai Lun made his paper by mixing finely chopped mulberry bark and hemp rags with water.
Vietnamese Translation: Ts’ai Lun đã làm giấy bằng cách trộn vỏ dâu tằm băm nhỏ và giẻ gai dầu với nước.

9. Scroll

Meaning: Cuộn giấy/văn bản cổ
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, documents were written on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrolls.
Vietnamese Translation: Trong thời nhà Thương và nhà Chu, tài liệu được viết trên các dải tre khâu lại và cuộn thành cuộn giấy.

10. Reluctant

Meaning: Miễn cưỡng, không sẵn lòng
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: The Chinese were reluctant to share their secrets of papermaking.
Vietnamese Translation: Người Trung Quốc miễn cưỡng chia sẻ bí mật về việc làm giấy của họ.

11. Caravan

Meaning: Đoàn lữ hành
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: A Chinese caravan was captured, which happened to include several papermakers.
Vietnamese Translation: Một đoàn lữ hành Trung Quốc bị bắt, và tình cờ có một số người làm giấy trong đoàn.

12. Rudimentary

Meaning: Thô sơ, cơ bản
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: The rudimentary process of papermaking was refined in Samarkand.
Vietnamese Translation: Quy trình làm giấy thô sơ đã được cải tiến ở Samarkand.

13. Refine

Meaning: Cải tiến, tinh chỉnh
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: The rudimentary process of papermaking was refined in Samarkand.
Vietnamese Translation: Quy trình làm giấy thô sơ đã được cải tiến ở Samarkand.

14. Alloy

Meaning: Hợp kim
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: Gutenberg perfected movable type printing, which included the use of metal molds and alloys.
Vietnamese Translation: Gutenberg đã hoàn thiện in ấn kiểu di chuyển, bao gồm việc sử dụng khuôn kim loại và hợp kim.

15. Plague/Black Death

Meaning: Dịch hạch, cái chết đen
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: It is said that the Black Death entered England from Europe on these old rags.
Vietnamese Translation: Người ta nói rằng cái chết đen đã xâm nhập vào Anh từ châu Âu qua những giẻ rách cũ này.

Passage 1: The Origin of Paper

1. TRUE
2. NOT GIVEN
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
6. NOT GIVEN
7. FALSE
8. strips
9. sheep
10. stretched
11. Bark
12. Samarkand
13. Stone