🔥The Threats to Scottish Salmon: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading Recent Actual Test) - Kèm đáp án + Giải thích từ vựng

The Threats to Scottish Salmon

Paragraph A
Salmon have always had to cope with a variety of hazards in both freshwater and seawater environments in order to survive. Many threats are completely natural, like flash floods or predatory birds, larger fish and otters or seals. These threats have always existed, but it is the man-made dangers that have emerged over the last hundred years that are causing the real concern.

Paragraph B
One of the most significant threats to Scottish salmon comes from the Scottish salmon-farming industry. Farmed salmon production in the North Atlantic area has increased dramatically, particularly in Norway, but also on the west coasts of Ireland and in the sea lochs of the Scottish Highlands. This has led to various problems. The first is that fish farms have created high concentrations of sea lice, which multiply in the confined conditions of sea rearing cages. Wild migrating sea trout and salmon smolts can be very vulnerable to attack by these lice. In addition to the sea lice, there is an increase in the risk of the spread of salmon disease or parasitic infestation, such as infectious salmon anaemia and Gyrodactylus salaris. Another problem is that escapees of farmed fish are known to be able to interbreed with wild fish. Since stocks in individual rivers are locally adapted to optimise their survival, this interbreeding has been shown to reduce the fitness of wild stocks for their indigenous environment. Salmon farming also has led to pollution of the water environment through uneaten food, fish faeces, or medications used to treat farmed salmon in their cages.

Paragraph C
Pollution is a key factor in the survival of the Scottish Atlantic salmon. To be healthy, Atlantic salmon need cool, clean water that contains a lot of oxygen. Chemicals, oil, and rubbish can all pollute a river and, if hot water is released into a stream, the water temperature may become too warm for the salmon and they will die. Problems with spawning can be caused by cattle walking in the river and stirring up mud, which can stick spawning gravels together and make it difficult for the salmon to make redds. Riverbank erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation can likewise lead to mud being washed into streams and rivers, leading again to the gravel clogging. Afforestation can be another problem. If conifers are planted alongside rivers, the acidic needles can increase the acidity of the water, upsetting the natural balance. Conifers also block out light and prevent beneficial vegetation from growing alongside the rivers. Finally, organic pollution in the form of silage and slurry runoff from farmland can cause problems in rivers. This increase in nutrients causes too many plants to grow in the water. Their subsequent decomposition leads to an excess of bacteria in the water, which uses up oxygen so that there is a fall in the amount of oxygen available for the Atlantic salmon.

Paragraph D
In the sea, there are fisheries for lots of different kinds of fish. Sometimes, when a fishing boat is trying to catch one kind of fish, it will capture by-catch, which can include accidentally caught salmon smolts. Often, by the time a fishing boat realises it has caught the wrong type of fish, the fish are already dead. As salmon smolts move as a group in the sea, a fishing boat can sometimes catch (and kill) a lot of smolts all at once. Overfishing of fish that the salmon feed on also leads to depleted stocks of food for the salmon.

Paragraph E
Sometimes biologists call plants and animals aliens when they are found living somewhere where they would not occur naturally. One alien species that causes a problem for salmon is the American signal crayfish. This creature has been introduced to some rivers in Scotland, although it normally lives in North America. The crayfish is a predator, eating insects, fish eggs, fry, and larger fish. The crayfish is not a normal part of the food chain in Scottish rivers and by eating these foods, it changes the way that energy moves through rivers. It also creates burrows in riverbanks, which make the banks weak and more likely to collapse.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Paragraph F
There are specific fisheries in the sea that target adult salmon returning from their feeding areas. Fishing here takes place in parts of the sea that do not belong to any one country and are called high seas fisheries. Adult salmon coming back to Scotland will tend to use the same general migration route across the sea, before choosing to go down either the west or east coast to return to their home river. It is when they are crossing the sea in a big group that they are vulnerable to high seas fisheries that track and plan the migration routes. In addition, once they follow the coast back to their home river, they can be caught in nets.

Paragraph G
Climate change is thought to have already had some effects upon Scottish Atlantic salmon and this may be partly to blame for decreasing numbers. There is also particular evidence that the temperature of the top of the sea may affect smolt survival. Climate change can affect salmon in different ways. It can alter their development rates and make their food less available. The numbers of fish and animals that hunt salmon may also be positively affected by temperature. Scientists do not know exactly what might happen if climate change continues and they are undertaking research to try and predict what might happen to Atlantic salmon under a variety of different climate conditions.

Glossary

• Smolt – Young salmon over three years old
• Lice – A type of parasite that feeds on salmon
• Spawning – The release of eggs by fish
• Redd – A small depression in a riverbed in which salmon will lay their eggs
• Fry – Young fish

Questions 1 – 7
The text on the previous pages has 7 paragraphs A - G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write your answers in boxes 1 – 7 on your answer sheet.

1. Too many trees next to a river can have a negative effect on the river’s environment.
2. Non-native animal species can damage riverbanks.
3. Scottish salmon have always had a dangerous environment in which to live.
4. Studies are being done to see how ocean warming may affect Scottish salmon.
5. Young wild salmon are very susceptible to the parasites that are encouraged by salmon farming.
6. Young salmon can sometimes be caught by mistake.
7. Commercial fishermen’s knowledge of Scottish salmon’s migration patterns allows them to plan their fishing strategies.

Questions 8 – 10
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8 - 10 on your answer sheet.

1. What does the decay of increased plant growth in river water generate more of?
2. What are fish accidentally caught known as?
3. What threatens salmon that follow the shore to their river of birth?

Questions 11 – 13
Complete the summary using the words in the box below.
Write your answers in boxes 11 - 13 on your answer sheet.

Climate Change and the Scottish Atlantic Salmon
Climate change has also been blamed for Scottish Atlantic salmon problems, as temperature increases at the ocean’s (11) _____________ may affect salmon mortality. Higher temperatures may also affect salmon (12) _____________ and food as well as (13) _____________ numbers. Studies are being done to investigate this.

Words Box:
fishermen, growth, immunity, predator, quota, surface, bottom

• Hazard

  • Meaning: A danger or risk.
  • Vietnamese: Mối nguy hiểm, sự rủi ro.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Salmon have always had to cope with a variety of hazards in both freshwater and seawater environments in order to survive."

• Predatory

  • Meaning: Relating to or denoting an animal or creature that preys on others.
  • Vietnamese: Thú săn mồi.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...like flash floods or predatory birds, larger fish and otters or seals."

• Confined

  • Meaning: Limited in space or scope.
  • Vietnamese: Hạn chế, giam hãm.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Fish farms have created high concentrations of sea lice, which multiply in the confined conditions of sea rearing cages."

• Smolt

  • Meaning: A young salmon over three years old.
  • Vietnamese: Cá hồi nhỏ (trên ba năm tuổi).
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...wild migrating sea trout and salmon smolts can be very vulnerable to attack by these lice."

• Anaemia

  • Meaning: A condition where the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells, leading to fatigue.
  • Vietnamese: Bệnh thiếu máu.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "In addition to the sea lice, there is an increase in the risk of the spread of salmon disease or parasitic infestation, such as infectious salmon anaemia..."

• Interbreed

  • Meaning: To breed or produce offspring with individuals from another species or population.
  • Vietnamese: Lai giống, giao phối giữa các loài khác nhau.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Escapees of farmed fish are known to be able to interbreed with wild fish."

• Fit

  • Meaning: Well-suited or healthy for a particular environment or condition.
  • Vietnamese: Khỏe mạnh, phù hợp.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...this interbreeding has been shown to reduce the fitness of wild stocks for their indigenous environment."

• Pollution

  • Meaning: The presence or introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment.
  • Vietnamese: Ô nhiễm.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Salmon farming also has led to pollution of the water environment through uneaten food, fish faeces, or medications used to treat farmed salmon in their cages."

• Spawning

  • Meaning: The process of releasing eggs by fish or other aquatic animals.
  • Vietnamese: Sự đẻ trứng của cá.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Problems with spawning can be caused by cattle walking in the river and stirring up mud, which can stick spawning gravels together..."

• Redd

  • Meaning: A small depression in a riverbed in which salmon will lay their eggs.
  • Vietnamese: Tổ cá hồi.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Problems with spawning can be caused by cattle walking in the river and stirring up mud, which can stick spawning gravels together and make it difficult for the salmon to make redds."

• By-catch

  • Meaning: The unintentional capture of non-target species while fishing.
  • Vietnamese: Cá bị bắt ngoài mục tiêu, cá không mong muốn.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Sometimes, when a fishing boat is trying to catch one kind of fish, it will capture by-catch, which can include accidentally caught salmon smolts."

• Alien

  • Meaning: Referring to a species that is not native to the area.
  • Vietnamese: Loài ngoại lai.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "One alien species that causes a problem for salmon is the American signal crayfish."

• Predator

  • Meaning: An animal that hunts and kills other animals for food.
  • Vietnamese: Kẻ săn mồi.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "The crayfish is a predator, eating insects, fish eggs, fry, and larger fish."

• Burrow

  • Meaning: A hole or tunnel dug by an animal, typically for shelter.
  • Vietnamese: Hang, lỗ đào.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "It also creates burrows in riverbanks, which make the banks weak and more likely to collapse."

• Fisheries

  • Meaning: Places or activities related to the catching of fish.
  • Vietnamese: Nghề cá, khu vực nuôi trồng thủy sản.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "There are specific fisheries in the sea that target adult salmon returning from their feeding areas."

• High seas

  • Meaning: Parts of the ocean not owned by any one country, where international fishing takes place.
  • Vietnamese: Biển quốc tế, biển không thuộc chủ quyền của quốc gia nào.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Fishing here takes place in parts of the sea that do not belong to any one country and are called high seas fisheries."

• Vulnerable

  • Meaning: Susceptible to harm or damage.
  • Vietnamese: Dễ bị tổn thương.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "It is when they are crossing the sea in a big group that they are vulnerable to high seas fisheries..."

• Migration

  • Meaning: The movement of animals from one region to another, often for breeding or food.
  • Vietnamese: Di cư.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Adult salmon coming back to Scotland will tend to use the same general migration route across the sea..."

• Depletion

  • Meaning: The reduction in the quantity or quality of something.
  • Vietnamese: Sự suy giảm.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Overfishing of fish that the salmon feed on also leads to depleted stocks of food for the salmon."

• Conditions

  • Meaning: The environment or situation in which something exists or operates.
  • Vietnamese: Điều kiện.
  • IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Fish farms have created high concentrations of sea lice, which multiply in the confined conditions of sea rearing cages."

1. C
2. E
3. A
4. G
5. B
6. D
7. F
8. Bacteria>> IELTS TUTOR có hướng dẫn kĩ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỀ THI THẬT TASK 2 (dạng advantages & disadvantages) NGÀY 04/8/2020 IELTS WRITING GENERAL MÁY TÍNH (kèm bài được sửa hs đi thi)
9. By-catch
10. nets
11. surface
12. growth
13. predator