READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 5-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3.

Why should we study history?

The wisdom available from history has a personal, everyday application. People need to understand why history is important, as many of these views overlap, with differences of perspective. The value of history is its ability to give us self-awareness, self-knowledge. This is because historical figures are presented so that people can have some sense of the workings of societies. It’s simply about how they can run their own community to which they belong.

The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche’s models are particularly powerful because they actually exist. Through her contribution, including those like the English ever France, John Dewey's ideas of action in history, many others before her have pointed out the need for knowledge from the past to influence current choices. Alexander the Great, for instance, teaches us that a single person is capable of great change, from cruelty to kindness.>> Form đăng kí giải đề thi thật IELTS 4 kĩ năng kèm bài giải bộ đề 100 đề PART 2 IELTS SPEAKING quý đang thi (update hàng tuần) từ IELTS TUTOR

Diane Ravich, a political analyst, also emphasizes the importance of history. Like many others before her, she claims that history reveals the duality of human nature and action. Galileo's opposition to the prevailing belief that the sun revolves around the Earth, and his stance for freedom of thought, shows how history provides us with the ability to choose who we align with and how we act in response to our situations. It does not answer all our questions, but it helps to inform and make better choices in the future.

Some philosophers, like John Dewey, have suggested that we know nothing about the future. He claimed that history is about unique moments and not just the repetition of events. Hegel also argued that history leads to greater freedom and insight into the progression of human societies. Mark Moghis combines elements of both views, suggesting that knowledge of how people acted in the past offers clever solutions to present crises, but also provides a starting point for new ideas.

On the other hand, Spengler developed a cyclical view of history, where historical cultures follow a process of growth, flourishing, and inevitable decline, similar to the lifecycle of plants and animals. There are many historical examples of individuals and empires that have conformed to this pattern.

Many historians argue that a society with a shared cultural understanding of its own history is more likely to function smoothly than one that is ignorant of its past. For example, Beverly Southgate claims that societies, like individuals, need to know who they are and where they belong. Individuals who lack this sense of belonging are likely to feel that life has little meaning or purpose. Societies with shared knowledge of their history provide a nation with a clear sense of identity.

Southgate would agree with Conal Fury and Michael J. Sales, who claim that a society that cannot recall its past is like an individual who has forgotten the experiences that shaped them. As a consequence, it has a distorted view of its own society, assuming that its ways are the only acceptable ones. By learning how our country used to be, we may realize that our present-day customs are not the only ones that are acceptable. This has significant implications for how we view other countries today.

Many historians and educators believe that the expert knowledge possessed by historians includes not only the learning of factual information but also the habit of critically examining and evaluating evidence. These abilities are worth developing as they can be applied in almost any field or career.

Questions 1-4

Look at the following people (Questions 1-4) and the list of theories of history below. Match each person with the correct theory, A-F.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

1. Arnold Toynbee
2. Diane Ravitch
3. John Dewey
4. Friedrich Nietzsche

List of Theories of History

A. It helps us put problems into perspective.
B. It helps us to understand human nature.
C. It helps us to understand the present.
D. It provides examples to copy.
E. It shows that there are alternative explanations of events.
F. It helps to improve our ability to make decisions.

Questions 5-9

Complete the notes using the list of words, A-J, below.

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

Hegel and Spengler: history is a process of 5 ________
Hegel: historical process ends in an increase in 6 ________
Spengler: historical process ends in 7 ________
Southgate: history helps to create a nation’s 8 ________
Furay and Salevouris: study of history encourages 9 ________ of other cultures.

A. analysis
B. decline
C. peace
D. change
E. identity
F. pleasure
G. communication
H. liberty
I. tolerance
J. conflict

Questions 10-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

1. Peter N Stearns believes that the study of history helps people to avoid ________ with the society they live in.
2. Southgate compares societies with ________.
3. Furay and Salevouris believe ignorance of history is like suffering from ________.
4. One educational benefit of studying history is the ability to analyse ________.

• Application (n.)
  Vietnamese: Ứng dụng
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "The wisdom available from history has a personal, everyday application."

• Self-awareness (n.)
  Vietnamese: Nhận thức bản thân
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "The value of history is its ability to give us self-awareness, self-knowledge."

• Self-knowledge (n.)
  Vietnamese: Kiến thức về bản thân
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "The value of history is its ability to give us self-awareness, self-knowledge."

• Philosopher (n.)
  Vietnamese: Triết gia
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche’s models are particularly powerful because they actually exist."

• Contribution (n.)
  Vietnamese: Sự đóng góp
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Through her contribution, including those like the English ever France, John Dewey's ideas of action in history..."

• Duality (n.)
  Vietnamese: Hai mặt, sự đối lập
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Diane Ravich, a political analyst, also emphasizes the importance of history. Like many others before her, she claims that history reveals the duality of human nature and action."

• Prevailing (adj.)
  Vietnamese: Thịnh hành, phổ biến
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Galileo's opposition to the prevailing belief that the sun revolves around the Earth..."

• Stance (n.)
  Vietnamese: Quan điểm, lập trường
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...and his stance for freedom of thought..."

• Repetition (n.)
  Vietnamese: Sự lặp lại
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "He claimed that history is about unique moments and not just the repetition of events."

• Cyclical (adj.)
  Vietnamese: Theo chu kỳ
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Spengler developed a cyclical view of history..."

• Flourishing (n.)
  Vietnamese: Phát triển mạnh, thịnh vượng
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...where historical cultures follow a process of growth, flourishing, and inevitable decline."

• Distorted (adj.)
  Vietnamese: Bị bóp méo, sai lệch
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "As a consequence, it has a distorted view of its own society..."

• Tolerance (n.)
  Vietnamese: Sự khoan dung
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Furay and Salevouris: study of history encourages tolerance of other cultures."

• Critical (adj.)
  Vietnamese: Phê phán, chỉ trích
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "Many historians and educators believe that the expert knowledge possessed by historians includes not only the learning of factual information but also the habit of critically examining and evaluating evidence."

• Evidence (n.)
  Vietnamese: Bằng chứng
  IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ từ bài đọc: "...but also the habit of critically examining and evaluating evidence."

• D
• F
• C
• E
• G
• H
• B
• E
• F
• conflict
• uniqueness
• amnesia
• evidence